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Disease and Defense 2 > Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hallmark of acute inflammation?

A

Edema and Neutrophils in the tissue.

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2
Q

Acute inflammation arises in response to what 2 stimuli?

A

infection

tissue necrosis

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3
Q

necrosis is followed by what?

A

acute inflammation

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4
Q

what is the purpose of acute inflammation in necrosis?

A

clear necrotic debris-so healing can occur.

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5
Q

what is the purpose of acute inflammation in infection?

A

eliminate pathogen

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6
Q

Acute inflammation is an _______ response with ______ specificity

A

immediate

limited

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7
Q

Acute inflammation is a part of ____ immunity

A

innate

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8
Q

Compare and contrast innate immunity vs. adaptive immunity

A

innate immunity is faster but less specific than adaptive immunity. Innate involves things like Neutrophils, macrophages, the complement system. Adaptive involves things like B and T cells (lymphocytes) and antibodies.

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9
Q

TLRs are on cells of the ___ immune system.

A

innate and adaptive

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10
Q

PAMP would be recognized by ____

A

TLRs

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11
Q

All Gram Negative bacteria have ____ on the outer membrane

A

LPS

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12
Q

____ on macrophages recognizes LPS

A

CD14

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13
Q

LPS is a ______

A

PAMP

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14
Q

TLR activation results in upregulation of _____

A

NF-kB

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15
Q

____ turns on the acute inflammatory response

A

NF-kB

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16
Q

TLRs on cells of the adaptive immune system regulate _____ inflammation

A

chronic

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17
Q

in cyclooxygenase pathway, vasodilation occurs at the _____ while increased vascular permeability occurs at the_____

A

arteriole

post-capillary venule

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18
Q

PGE2 mediates what?

A

fever and pain

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19
Q

Arachidonic acid is acted on by either

A

cyclooxygenase or 5-lipooxygenase

20
Q

Arachidonic Acid is released from the _________ by ______

A

phospholipid cell membrane

phospholipase A2

21
Q

Cyclooxygenase produces ___

A

prostaglandin

22
Q

The prostaglandins produced from Cyclooxygenase are

A

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 (I,D,E)

23
Q

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2 mediate _____ and _____

A

vasodilation and vascular permeability

24
Q

What does the 5-lipooxygenase pathway produce?

A

Leukotrienes

25
Q

LTB4 does what?

A

attracts and activates neutrophils

26
Q

LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 mediate what?

A

vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability. Basically these three molecules contract smooth muscle (constricting blood vessels and bronchi, and pericytes which allow openings in blood vessels)

27
Q

Three ways that mast cells can be activated

A

tissue trauma
C3a and C5a in complement
cross-linking of cell-surface IgE by antigen

28
Q

What is the immediate response of activated mast cells?

A

release of preformed histamine granules

29
Q

What do histamine granules do?

A

mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

30
Q

What is the delayed response of activated mast cells?

A

production of arachidonic acid metabolites. Particularly, leukotrienes.

31
Q

Complement is ___-inflammatory?

A

pro.
This is one way of achieving inflammation, through the proinflammatory serum proteins that circulate as inactive precursors.

32
Q

What are the four key things that bring in neutrophils?

A

C5a, LTB4, IL8, bacterial products

33
Q

what is Hageman factor?

A

inactive proinflammatory protein produced in liver.

34
Q

How is Hageman factor activated?

A

upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen

35
Q

Hageman factor is part of acute or chronic inflam?

A

acute

36
Q

Hageman factor is important because it in turn activates

A

coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
complement
Kinin system

37
Q

what is the kinin system?

A

Cleaves HMWK to bradykinin, which mediates vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain

38
Q

how do we get rubor and calor in inflammation?

A

vasodilation and warmth (because of increased blood flow)

39
Q

Vasodilation occurs by relaxing ____

A

arteriolar smooth muscle

40
Q

key mediators of vasodilation are __.

A

histamine
PGs
bradykinin

41
Q

How do we get tumor in inflammation?

A

leakage of fluid from postcapillary venules into interstitial space.

42
Q

what are the key mediators of tumor?

A 
histamine
tissue damage (disrupts endothelium and causes fluid to escape)
43
Q

What causes Dolor in inflammation>

A

bradykinin and PGE2

They sensitize sensory nerve endings

44
Q

To get fever macrophages release ___ and ____.

A

IL1 and TNF

45
Q

To get fever released IL1 and TNF travel in the blood until they reach ______ cells of the ______. This increases ____ activity.

A

perivascular cells
hypothalmus
COX (cyclooxygenase)
This increased COX activity is what increases PGE2 which causes fever

46
Q

Increased cox activity increases ____ which causes fever

A

PGE2

Disease and Defense 2 (7 decks)

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