Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

Calor, Rubor, Tumor, Dolor, Functio Lasea

Question 2

what are the main cells involved with acute inflammation?

Answer 2

neutrophils

Question 3

what are the main cells involved with chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 4

what is the abnormal stimulus for inflammation recognized by?

Answer 4

epithelial cells, dendritic cells, phagocytes

Question 5

Which 2 receptors are involed in inflammation?

Answer 5

Toll like Receptors: located in plasma membrane, when activated release cytokines (TNF); Inflammasome: cytoplasmic complex recognizing parts of dead cells, triggers activation of caspase-1 which activates IL-1 which recruits leukocytes

Question 6

which 2 mediators are responsible for vasodilation?

Answer 6

histamine and nitric oxide, leads to stasis and margination of leukocytes

Question 7

which 2 mediators are responsible for endothelial cell contraction?

Answer 7

histamine and bradykinin

Question 8

Histamine causes:

Answer 8

vasodialtion and vascular permeability

Question 9

nictric oxide causes:

Answer 9

vasodilation

Question 10

bradykinin causes:

Answer 10

vasodilation and increased permeability and pain

Question 11

what is transudate?

Answer 11

not enough proteins, kidneys are not functioning, fluids leak out, non-inflammatory process, due to increased hydrostatic pressure, low specific gravity

Question 12

what is exudate?

Answer 12

more significant damage, causes inflammation, fluid AND protein leakage, high specific gravity–high protein!, caused by alteration in normal vessel permeability

Question 13

what are the steps for acute inflammation?

Answer 13

margination, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis

Question 14

which mediators aid in rolling and loose adhesion?

Answer 14

P and E selectin

Question 15

which mediators on leukocytes provide stable attachment?

Answer 15

integrins

Question 16

which are the two cytokines most likely secreted during inflammation?

Answer 16

IL-1 and TNF

Question 17

what is diapedesis?

Answer 17

movement of leukocytes through the vessel wall (cells squeeze through the vessel wall)

Question 18

what chemokine drives transmigration?

Answer 18

CD31 (PECAM1)

Question 19

what is the term for crossing the vessel wall and migrating towards injury site?

Answer 19

chemotaxis

Question 20

what are the components of chemotaxis?

Answer 20

bacterial products, chemokines, complement, leukotrienes

Question 21

when are leukocytes activated?

Answer 21

after recruitment to the site of injury!

Question 22

what activate leukocytes?

Answer 22

microbes, necrotic tissue, mediators

Question 23

result of leukocyte activation?

Answer 23

phagocytosis, intracellular destruction, release of substances that destroy dead tissue and microbes

Question 24

how do leukocytes recognize microbes?

Answer 24

via IgG, C3b (opsonins), these are ready to coat microbes and mark microbes as a targets

Question 25

what are the specific species that degrade microbes within the phagolysosome?

Answer 25

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

Question 26

what two cytokines activate endothelial cells?

Answer 26

IL-1 and TNF

Question 27

What are the subtypes of acute inflammation?

Answer 27

serious, fibrinous, suppurative, ulcer

Question 28

serous inflammation

Answer 28

mildest form of acute inflammation, outpouring of thin fluid (protein-poor) from plasma or serosal cavity linings, ex: peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial effusions, (congestive heart failure), skin BLISTER form burn, viral infection or trauma

Question 29

fibrinous inflammation

Answer 29

occurs secondary to more serious injury, larger vascular leaks, passage of fibrinogen, conversion to fibrin, affects linings: meninges, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum, examples: fibrinous pericarditis from uremia, fibrinous pleuritis overlying a pulmonary infarct

Question 30

supporative inflammation

Answer 30

when large numbers of neutrophils are present, along with necrotic cells, edema and bacteria=PUS, occurs with Staphylococcus, abscesses, acute appendicitis, acute bronchopneumonia

Question 31

ulcer

Answer 31

local defect, surface of organ or tissue, sloughing of surface covering and necrotic inflammatory tissue, examples: peptic ulcer, skin ulceration

Question 32

what is chronic inflammation caused by?

Answer 32

persistent infections diff to eradicate-TB, syphillis, leprosy, prolonges exposure to toxic agents, immune-mediated inflammatory disease (RA, SLE)

Question 33

in chronic inflammation, what cells persist?

Answer 33

macrophages!

Question 34

when are eosinophils activated in chronic inflammation?

Answer 34

in parasitic infection and IgE mediated inflammation (allergies), major basic protein–toxic to parasites and epithelial cells

Question 35

which cells are central to allergic reactions?

Answer 35

Mast cells

Question 36

what is granulomatous Inflammation?

Answer 36

distinctive pattern of inflammation that contains macrophages with epithelioid appearance, develop multinucleate giant cells via IFN-y, surrounding lymphocytes, and fibrosis, caused from TB (central caseous necrosis),

Question 37

what is fever caused by?

Answer 37

pyrogens (IL-1 and TNF), PGE2 (stimulates hypothalamus to reset at higher temp)

Question 38

when acute-phase proteins are elevated what are they stimulated by?

Answer 38

IL-6

Question 39

what else is a systemic effect of inflammation?

Answer 39

increased leukocytes!!

Question 40

neutorphilia indicates

Answer 40

bacterial infection

Question 41

lymphocytosis indicates

Answer 41

viarl infections

Question 42

eosinophilia indicates

Answer 42

allergies, asthma, parasitic infections

Question 43

leukopenia indicates

Answer 43

typhoid, rickettsiae, some protozoans