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Therapeutics > Activity (Chap 34) > Flashcards

Activity (Chap 34) Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following classifications describes the
bones located in the wrist?
A. Long bones
B. Short bones
C. Flat bones
D. Irregular bones

A

B. Short Bones

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2
Q

What does the skeletal system consist of?

A

Bones, joints, tendons, and ligaments

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3
Q

What are some functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Storage of minerals and fat
    -Supports soft tissues
    -Protects crucial body parts
    -Hematopoiesis
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4
Q

What does a tendon attach?

A

Muscle to bone

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5
Q

What does a ligament attach?

A

Bone to bone

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6
Q

How are bones classified? What are some types?

A

Bones are classified by shape:
-long bones
-short bones
-irregular bones
-flat bones

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7
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

Spinal column and jaw

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8
Q

Through what process are some bones found in ligaments?

A

Ossification

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9
Q

What are the main joint movements? (brain dump all 15)

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, circumduction, IR, ER, supination, pronation, abduction, adduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion

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10
Q

What are the main types of joints? (7)

A

Hinge, pivot, ball and socket, saddle, condyloid, gliding

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11
Q

Which type of joint is primarily responsible for flexion and extension?

A) Ball-and-socket
B) Hinge
C) Pivot
D) Saddle

A

B) Hinge

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12
Q

What movement is characteristic of a pivot joint?

A) Flexion and extension
B) Rotation
C) Abduction and adduction
D) Circumduction

A

B) Rotation

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13
Q

Which joint allows for the most complex movements, including flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, and circumduction?

A) Hinge
B) Ball-and-socket
C) Saddle
D) Condyloid

A

B) Ball-and-socket

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14
Q

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is an example of which type of joint?

A) Hinge
B) Saddle
C) Pivot
D) Gliding

A

B) Saddle

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15
Q

What type of joint allows for sliding movements, as seen in the intercarpal joints of the wrist?

A) Gliding
B) Hinge
C) Ball-and-socket
D) Condyloid

A

A) Gliding

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16
Q

Which joint type allows for movement such as flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, but is not as versatile as a ball-and-socket joint?

A) Hinge
B) Condyloid
C) Pivot
D) Gliding

A

B) Condyloid

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17
Q

Which of the following joints is an example of a hinge joint?

A) Shoulder
B) Knee
C) Thumb
D) Neck

A

B) Knee

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18
Q

What types of movements are allowed by a saddle joint?

A) Flexion and extension only
B) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
C) Rotation only
D) Gliding movements

A

B) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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19
Q

Which joint type allows for movements such as abduction and adduction but does not allow rotation?

A) Hinge
B) Pivot
C) Condyloid
D) Gliding

A

C) Condyloid

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20
Q

In which type of joint would you find the atlas and axis, allowing for head rotation?

A) Hinge
B) Saddle
C) Pivot
D) Ball-and-socket

A

C) Pivot

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21
Q

What is the primary function of a gliding joint?

A) Flexion and extension
B) Circular movements
C) Sliding movements
D) Hyperextension

A

C) Sliding movements

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22
Q

Which joint allows for the widest range of movement, including circumduction?

A) Hinge
B) Condyloid
C) Ball-and-socket
D) Gliding

A

C) Ball-and-socket

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23
Q

Types of Joints (gen notes)

A

● Hinge: flexion and extension
○ Ex: elbow and knee
● Pivot: rotation
○ Ex: neck
● Ball-and-socket: flexion and extension; hyperextension; abduction and
adduction; internal and external rotation; circumduction
○ Ex: shoulder
● Saddle: flexion and extension; abduction and adduction; circumduction
○ Ex: carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
● Condyloid: flexion and extension; abduction and adduction; circumduction
○ Ex: metacarpophalangeal joint
● Gliding
○ Intercarpal joints

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24
Q

What the main types of muscle?

A

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

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25
Q

A nurse stretches out a patient’s leg and moves it away from the body. This is an example of what type of body movement?
A. Abduction
B. Flexion
C. Circumduction
D. Dorsiflexion

A

A. Abduction

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26
Q

Functions of smooth/visceral muscle

A
  • forms wall of hollow organs, blood vessels, and tubes
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27
Q

What are the four main functions of skeletal muscles?

A
  • Motion - skeletal muscle contracts, pulling on the tendons to create movement
  • Maintenance of posture
  • Protection of ex. heart, lung, brain
  • Heat production (contractions produce heat)
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28
Q

What is isotonic exercise?

A
  • same TENSION
  • the muscle contracts and length changes
    e.g. swimming, bicycling, walking
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29
Q

What is isometric exercise?

A
  • same LENGTH
  • muscle contracts but length remains the same
    e.g. yoga, squats
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30
Q

What is isokinetic exercise?

A
  • same SPEED
  • muscle contracts and shortens w a constant speed and resistance
    e.g. weight lifting, stationary bike, treadmill
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31
Q

Jogging is an example of isokinetic exercise.
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

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32
Q

What is the main benefit of having a patient in the Fowler’s position?

A

Comfort and easy breathing

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33
Q

What are the four variations of the Fowler’s position?

A

○ High Fowler’s: 80-90 degrees
○ Standard Fowler’s: 45-60 degrees
○ Semi-Fowler’s: 30-45 degrees
○ Low Fowler’s: 15-30 degrees

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34
Q

What is the Trendelenburg position and when is it used?

A

It is when the head is lower than the feet, bringing more blood to the brain.
Used after someone faints

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35
Q

What is the reverse trendelenburg position and when is it used?

A

It is when the head is higher than the feet, directing blood away from the brain.
Used during brain or neck surgery.

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36
Q

Describe the dorsal recumbent position and when it is used.

A

The knees are up with the feet flat.
- pelvic exams, childbrith

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37
Q

Describe the libothomy position and when it is used.

A

Legs are elevated during exams
- pelvic exams, childbirth

38
Q

Sim’s position/ Lateral decubitus

A

Middle of PRONE and LATERAL
- head to side with knee facing towards the head

39
Q

Oblique position

A

Middle of supine and lateral
It’s modified lateral

40
Q

What do you look for in the physical assessment of mobility?

A
  • Alignment
  • Ease of movement
  • Joint function, ROM
  • Muscle mass, tone, strength
    -Endurance
41
Q

What is atrophy in relation to muscle tissue?

A) Increase in muscle size
B) Thinning of muscle tissue
C) Increased tone or tension
D) Total loss of muscle strength

A

B) Thinning of muscle tissue

42
Q

Hypertrophy refers to:

A) Decrease in muscle size
B) Increase in muscle size through larger component cells
C) Loss of muscle tone
D) Weakness in muscle strength

A

B) Increase in muscle size through larger component cells

43
Q

Which term describes a lesser degree of muscle tone or tension due to constant relaxation?

A) Hypertonicity
B) Hypotonicity
C) Atrophy
D) Hypertrophy

A

B) Hypotonicity

44
Q

What does hypertonicity indicate about muscle tone?

A) It has decreased tension.
B) It has increased tension.
C) It is completely relaxed.
D) It has no effect on muscle strength.

A

B) It has increased tension, it can be spastic

45
Q

Paresis is defined as:

A) Complete loss of muscle strength
B) Partial weakness of muscle strength
C) Thickening of muscle tissue
D) Increased muscle tone

A

B) Partial weakness of muscle strength

46
Q

What does hemiparesis specifically refer to?

A) Weakness in both legs
B) Weakness on one side of the body
C) Total loss of muscle strength in arms and legs
D) Weakness in all four limbs

A

B) Weakness on one side of the body

47
Q

Which of the following terms describes total loss of muscle strength in both arms and legs?

A) Hemiplegia
B) Paraplegia
C) Quadriplegia
D) Hemiparesis

A

C) Quadriplegia

48
Q

What is the main difference between paralysis and paresis?

A) Paralysis involves partial weakness, while paresis is complete loss.
B) Paralysis is total loss of muscle strength, while paresis is partial weakness.
C) Paralysis affects only the legs, while paresis affects all limbs.
D) There is no difference; they are synonymous.

A

B) Paralysis is total loss of muscle strength, while paresis is partial weakness

49
Q

What are some factors that influence mobility?

A

● Developmental considerations
○ Ex: achondroplasia: short-limbed dwarfism
○ Ex: dwarfism: short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition
● Physical health
○ Ex: bedridden
● Mental health
○ Ex: depression
● Lifestyle
○ Ex: occupation
● Attitude and values
● Fatigue and stress
● External factors
○ Ex: weather, finances for a gym, support, free time

50
Q

How can financial factors influence mobility?

A) They only impact mental health.
B) Limited finances can restrict access to gyms or exercise programs.
C) Financial stability has no effect on lifestyle choices.
D) It only affects dietary choices.

A

B) Limited finances can restrict access to gyms or exercise programs.

51
Q

What is a common respiratory complication that can arise from immobility?

A) Deep vein thrombosis
B) Osteoporosis
C) Pneumonia
D) Pressure ulcers

A

C) Pneumonia

52
Q

Which circulatory issue is associated with immobility and can potentially lead to heart attacks or strokes?

A) Atrophy
B) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
C) Osteoporosis
D) Urinary tract infections

A

B) Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

53
Q

Pressure ulcers are primarily a complication of which system due to constant pressure and decreased oxygen supply?

A) Respiratory system
B) Integumentary system
C) Nervous system
D) Skeletal system

A

B) Integumentary system

54
Q

What term describes the loss of muscle mass due to immobility?

A) Osteoporosis
B) Contracture
C) Atrophy
D) Insomnia

A

C) Atrophy

55
Q

Which skeletal complication is characterized by weakened bones as a result of immobility?

A) Pressure ulcers
B) Contractures
C) Osteoporosis
D) Indigestion

A

C) Osteoporosis

56
Q

What genitourinary issue can occur in bedridden patients due to urination in a supine position?

A) Indigestion
B) Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
C) Pneumonia
D) Deep vein thrombosis

A

B) Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

57
Q

How does immobility affect the gastrointestinal system?

A) It enhances digestion.
B) It increases the risk of indigestion and constipation.
C) It has no effect on digestive health.
D) It improves appetite.

A

B) It increases the risk of indigestion and constipation.

58
Q

What mental health complication is often associated with prolonged immobility?

A) Anxiety
B) Depression
C) Insomnia
D) Stress

A

B) Depression

59
Q

Which nervous system complication can be a result of immobility?

A) Constipation
B) Insomnia
C) Osteoporosis
D) Deep vein thrombosis

A

B) Insomnia

60
Q

Complications of Immobility (gen notes)

A

● Respiratory system: lung build up
○ Ex: pneumonia
● Circulatory system: blocks the flow of blood in the vein and may cause heart attacks
or stroke
○ Ex: deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
● Integumentary system: constant pressure decreases oxygen supply
○ Ex: pressure ulcers
● Muscular system: loss of muscle mass or shortened and hardened
○ Ex: atrophy
○ Ex: contracture: muscles, tendons, joints, or other tissues tighten or
shorten causing a deformity
● Skeletal system: lack of calcium causes weakened bones
○ Ex: osteoporosis: bones become weak and brittle
● Genitourinary system: urination in the supine position can leave urine in the bladder
○ Ex: UTI and bladder stones
● Gastrointestinal system: movement aids digestion
○ Ex: indigestion constipation
○ Bedridden patients have an increased chance of choking
● Nervous system:
○ Ex: insomnia
● Mental health:
○ Ex: depression

61
Q

Which of the following is a key tip for performing ROM exercises?

A) Return the joint to an extended position
B) Exercise to the point of pain
C) Support the joint by holding the distal and proximal areas adjacent to the joint
D) Use only one hand for support

A

C) Support the joint by holding the distal and proximal areas adjacent to the joint

62
Q

When performing ROM exercises, how should one approach the point of resistance?

A) Exercise to the point of pain
B) Exercise only to the point of resistance but not pain
C) Force the joint beyond resistance
D) Ignore resistance completely

A

B) Exercise only to the point of resistance but not pain

63
Q

What is the importance of ROM exercises?

A

Maintains muscle strength and mass and normal joint mobility and flexibility

64
Q

Describe passive vs active exercise

A

hey you should know this

65
Q

What is the order of the ROM procedure?

A
  1. Neck
  2. Shoulder
  3. Elbow
  4. Forearm
  5. Wrist
  6. Thumb
  7. Fingers
  8. Hip
  9. Knee
  10. Ankle
  11. Foot
  12. Toes
66
Q

ROM tips

A
  • return to neutral
  • point of resistance but not pain
    -support the joint, holding distal and proximal areas adjacent the joint
  • cupped hand for support
    -cradle distal part of extremity
67
Q

Aside from repositioning a patient every 2 hours, what else is important to do?

A
  • Extremity exercise
  • assess and massage pressure area (NOT if red)
68
Q

What are some devices used to promote correct alignment?

A

● Pillows
● Mattresses
● Adjustable beds
● Bed side rails
● Trochanter rolls: prevents extension of hip joints in supine position
● High-top sneakers: prevents foot drop
● A hand roll: maintain position of fingers
● Trapeze bar: gravity slides the patients down the bed, using the trapeze bar, patients
can pull themselves back up into the correct position

69
Q

What is the purpose of trochanter rolls?

A

● To prevent the extension of hip joints when supine

70
Q

How can a trapeze bar help a patient?

A

It allows a patient to pull themself back up into bed

71
Q

High top sneakers prevent:
A handroll:

A

Foot drop
Maintains finger position

72
Q

What are some ways to prevent DVT?

A
  1. anti-embolism stockings
  2. graduated compression stocking
  3. pneumatic compression devices: promotes blood circulation
73
Q

What is involved in physical conditioning?

A

Isometric exercises prevent atrophy
e.g. quad and gluteal setting drills, push-ups, dangling legs over bedside

74
Q

What are some mechanical aids for walking?

A

● Walker
● Cane
● Braces
● Crutches

75
Q

What are the main types of crutches?

A

Forearm: long term support, permanent limits
Axillary: temporary, lots of strength to use

76
Q

Crutch walking

A

Should prevent pressure on axillae
■ Keep elbows close to sides
■ Prevent crutches from getting closer than 12 inches to feet
■ Crutches move first, then healthy leg, and finally the injured leg to walk

77
Q

Common reasons for back injuries in healthcare

A

● Uncoordinated lifts
● Manual lifting and transferring of patients without assistive devices
● Lifting when fatigued or after recent back injury recovery
● Repetitive movements such as lifting, transferring, and repositioning patients
● Standing for long periods of time
● Transferring patients
●Transferring/repositioning uncooperative or confused patients

78
Q

What is considered to be adequate posture?

A
  • Core right and feet based
  • To pick up heavy things, keep object close and lift from the legs
79
Q

Devices for safe patient transfer:

A

● Gait belts
● Transfer chairs
● Repositioning aids
○ Ex: E-Z slide, Handi slide
● Lateral-assist devices
● PAT Slide for lateral transfer
● Turn and position system (TAPS)
● Sara stedy (powered stand-assist)
● Sara plus (powered stand-assist)
● Maxi move (powered full-body lifts)

80
Q

What is log rolling and why do we do it?

A
  • Done after spinal surgery
  • Recovery from neck, back, and spinal surgery
    -Keep body in straight alignment
    -FOUR people moving is ideal
81
Q

*The condition caused by bone demineralization often experienced by the aging adult is called:

A

osteoporosis

82
Q

*Rehabilitative exercises that involve lifting weights are an example of an isometric exercise.

A

FALSE

83
Q

*Movement results from a skeletal muscle contracting and exerting force on a ligament, which in turn, pulls on a bone.

A

FALSE

84
Q

*The type of exercise which involves muscle contractions with resistance is known as which of the following

A

Isokinetic

85
Q

*Quadriceps drills is an exercise in which muscle tension occurs without a significant change in the length of the muscle.

A

TRUE

86
Q

*Which of the following terms is used to describe the normal state of slight muscle contraction?

A

Tonus

87
Q

*It is safer to lift an object using the strength of the legs than sliding, rolling, pushing, or pulling an object.

A

FALSE

88
Q

*Constipation can be the result of immobility and decreased activity.

A

TRUE

89
Q

*When the patient is placed in a semi-sitting position with the head of the bed elevated between 45 and 60 degrees, they are said to be in which position?

A

Fowler’s

90
Q

*The type of joint which allows for flexion and extension only is referred to as which of the following?

A

Hinge joint

Therapeutics (12 decks)

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