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GI anatomy > Activities > Flashcards

Activities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the 2 lines that make up the 4 quadrants

A

Median plane
Transumbilical plane

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2
Q

2 vertical lines that make up the nine quadrants

A

Midclavicular lines

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3
Q

2 horizontal lines that make up the nine quadrants

A

Subcostal line
Intertubercular line

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4
Q

In which of the nine regions does McBurney’s point lie?

A

Right iliac fossa

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5
Q

In which region(s) are the liver and gallbladder located?

A

Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium

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6
Q

In which region is the majority of the small intestine located?

A

Umbilical region

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7
Q

What imaging techniques might be better at showing abdominal pathology?

A

CT scans are much better than x-rays

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8
Q

Which muscle(s) have:
○ diagonally orientated fibres?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique

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9
Q

Which muscle(s) have:
○ horizontally orientated fibres?

A

Transversus abdominis

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10
Q

Which muscle(s) have:
○ vertically orientated fibres?

A

Rectus abdominis

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11
Q

Which muscle is commonly referred to as the ‘six-pack’? What causes the divisions in the individual sections of this muscle?

A

Rectus abdominis
- the tendinous bands cause the muscle to bulge either side when muscle segments hypertrophy with exercise

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12
Q

Which muscle(s) are responsible for twisting the torso?

A

External and internal oblique

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13
Q

What is the effect on the pressure inside the abdomen if these muscles contract without moving the torso?
○ When do you use this function on a regular basis?

A

Increase intra-abdominal pressure
- going to the toilet

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14
Q

Which aponeuroses pass in front of the rectus abdominis muscle

A

External oblique aponeuroses
Anterior aspect of internal oblique aponeuroses

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15
Q

Which aponeuroses pass behind the rectus abdominis muscle

A

Posterior layer of internal oblique aponeuroses
Transversus abdominis aponeuroses

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16
Q

What is the name of the fibrous vertical line in the centre of the rectus abdominis muscles that separates left from right?

A

Linea alba

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17
Q

What layers of tissue are found deep to the anterior abdominal wall muscles and separate them from the abdominal organs?

A

Transversalis fascia
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

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18
Q

Which structures form the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia
Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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19
Q

Which structures form the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

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20
Q

Which structures form the posterior border of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia
Medial fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis aponeuroses

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21
Q

What is the purpose of rugae in the stomach

A

ridges that increase the surface area of the stomach and stretch out to increase stomach volume when the stomach is full.

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22
Q

Are rugae evenly distributed throughout the internal stomach? If not, where are there most, and where are there least?

A

Most prominent on greater curvature of stomach

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23
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter composed of

A

Thick circular layer of smooth muscle

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24
Q

Function of pyloric sphincter

A

Opens and closes to control the passage of chyme into the duodenal

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25
Q

What problems may be caused if the pyloric sphincter is unable to relax fully?

A

Pyloric stenosis- food stays in the stomach, and symptoms such as bloating, nausea, vomiting, reflux can occur. Eventually, if food can not get absorbed, weight loss occurs.

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26
Q

What artery supplies the cardiac

A

Left gastric artery

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27
Q

Which artery supplies the pyloric antrum

A

Gastroduodenal artery (branch of splenic artery)

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28
Q

Which artery is located behind the stomach

A

Abdominal aorta

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29
Q

Where is the division between the foregut and midgut?

A

1/2 way along the duodenum

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30
Q

Where is the division between the midgut and hindgut?

A

2/3 way along transverse colon

31
Q

What does the pyloric canal contain

A

the distal portion connecting to the duodenum. At the end of the pyloric canal is the pyloric orifice, marking the junction between the stomach and duodenum.

32
Q

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus penetrate the diaphragm?

A

T10

33
Q

What is the name of the region located behind the stomach? What are the boundaries of this region?

A

Lesser sac
Anteriorly- stomach and lesser omentum
Posteriorly- transverse mesocolon

34
Q

Which organ is located behind the stomach?

A

Pancreas

35
Q

Is the stomach intra- or extra-peritoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

36
Q

Role of greater omentum

A

prevents the parietal and visceral peritoneum of the abdominal cavity from adhering to each other. For example, it prevents the parietal peritoneum lining the anterior abdominal wall from sticking to the visceral peritoneum of the ileum.

37
Q

Which parts of the large intestine are retroperitoneal, and which are intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal = ascending and descending colon
Intraperitoneal - transverse and sigmoid colon

38
Q

Where is the marginal artery? Why is this anastomosis clinically important?

A

Formed by branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

serves as a collateral supply to the colon when there is a blockage in one of the mesenteric vessels

39
Q

If a patient needs a total colectomy (removal of the large intestine), which arteries would need to be ligated?

A

Ileocolic artery - SMA
Right colic artery - SMA
Middle colic artery- SMA
Left colic artery -IMA
Sigmoid branches - IMA

40
Q

Dull pain in the middle of her abdomen suggests pathology of which parts of the GI tract

A

Umbilical region —> midgut —> 1/2 along duodenum to proximal 2/3 transverse colon

41
Q

The patient’s pain has now moved to the lower-right part of her abdomen - what is the medical term for this region of the abdomen?

A

Right iliac fossa

42
Q

A 39 year old woman presents to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain and nausea. The pain is constant. It started as a dull ache roughly in the middle of her abdomen but this morning seemed to move to the lower-right part of her abdomen and has become sharp and severe. The patient has tenderness on examination in this region.

● What is your differential diagnosis?

A

Appendicitis

43
Q

Appendicitis

● Explain why the pain has ‘moved’ and changed in character.

A

Initially, the visceral afferent nerve fibers at T8 through T10 are stimulated, leading to vague centralized pain. As the appendix becomes more inflamed and the adjacent parietal peritoneum is irritated, the pain becomes more localized to the right lower quadrant.

44
Q

Volvulus

A

occurs when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, causing bowel obstruction

45
Q

Volvulus symptoms

A

abdominal distension, pain, vomiting, constipation, and bloody stools.
The onset of symptoms may be insidious or sudden.

46
Q

Internal difference between the Jejunum and ileum

A

plicae circulares are more pronounced in the jejunum

47
Q

Venous drainage of foregut

A

Celiac vein

48
Q

Venous drainage of midgut

A

Superior mesenteric vein

49
Q

Venous drainage of Hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

50
Q

Why is it called the bare area of the liver

A

Not covered by visceral peritoneum

51
Q

The Ligamentum teres is the remnant of which fetal structure

A

Umbilical vein

52
Q

Which structures enter and exit the liver at the porta hepatis

A

Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct
Hepatic artery proper

53
Q

Where do the left and right hepatic arteries originate from

A

Coeliac trunk —> common hepatic artery —> hepatic artery proper (after branch of Gastroduodenal artery) —> left and right hepatic arteries

54
Q

Which vessels unite to form the hepatic portal vein

A

Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein

55
Q

Biliary tree

A

Left and right hepatic ducts converge to form common hepatic duct
Cystic duct from gall bladder joins hepatic duct forming the common bile duct

56
Q

Route of pain fibres from cholecystitis for Epigastric pain

A

T5-T9

57
Q

Route of pain fibres from cholecystitis for right shoulder pain

A

Inflammation of diaphragm- C3-C5

58
Q

Route of pain fibres from cholecystitis for right hypochondrium pain

A

Inflammation of parietal peritoneum

59
Q

First half of duodenum arises from which embryological part of the gut

A

Foregut

60
Q

Second half of duodenum arises from which embryological part of the gut

A

Midgut

61
Q

Veins from the duodenum ultimately drain towards which large vein

A

Hepatic portal vein

62
Q

What is the Hepatopancreatic ampulla and what surrounds it

A

The union of the common bile duct and the major pancreatic duct
Surrounded by sphincter of Oddi

63
Q

Function of Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

connection between areas of your digestive system. It acts as a reservoir for pancreatic juices and bile, enabling the release of these substances that help your body break down and absorb food.

64
Q

What surrounds the Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Sphincter of Oddi

65
Q

The tail of the pancreas reaches which structure

A

Spleen

66
Q

Which artery lies embedded in the upper border of the pancreas

A

Splenic artery

67
Q

What structures compose the portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Common bile duct
Hepatic artery proper

68
Q

3 branches of coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

69
Q

Parts of the pancreas

A

Uncinate process
Head
Neck
Body
Tail

70
Q

What type of cancer commonly metastasises to the liver

A

Colon or rectum cancer as blood supply connected by hepatic portal vein

71
Q

Where would pain from the pancreas be referred to

A

Epigastrum

72
Q

What precautions must be taken following removal of the spleen

A

Antibiotics for life
Up-to-date vaccinations

73
Q

Retroperitoneal organs - SAD PUCKER

A

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta
Duodenum

Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

GI anatomy (5 decks)

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