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Question 1

FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS

Answer 1

Flexion of first phalanx of the great toe at the MTP joint. The medial and lateral head of the muscle also produce abduction and adduction of the first phalanx respectively.

Question 2

QUADRATUS PLANTAE

Answer 2

This muscle aligns the pull of the flexor digitorum longus into pure flexion and assists the flexor digitorum longus in flexing the lateral four digits.

Question 3

Quadratus Lumborum

Answer 3

Lateral flexion and hip hiking unilaterally, extension bilaterally and depression of the 12th rib.
This muscle can be responsible for unilateral hip height discrepancy.

Question 4

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Answer 4

Flexion of the great toe, plantar flexion of the foot, helps to support the longitudinal arch of the foot and inversion of the foot.

Question 5

Lumbar Paraspinals – Iliocostalis Lumborum and Lx and Sx Multifidus

Answer 5

Iliocostalis Lumborum primary function is to maintain the spine in an erect posture. It also performs extension of the spine, ipsilateral lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation.
Multifidus primary function is to stabilise the vertebral column. It also performs contralateral rotation within the thoracic and cervical spine and aids in resisting flexion in the lumbar spine.

Question 6

EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS

Answer 6

Extension of 2nd-4th toes.

Question 7

ABDUCTOR HALLICIS

Answer 7

Flexion and abduction of the great toe

Question 8

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Answer 8

Flexion of the lesser toes, weak plantar flexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot

Question 9

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 9

Powerful extension of the hip joint, such as running, jumping, stair climbing and rising from a seated position.
Helps maintain an erect posture and assists in lateral rotation of the hip joint.
The upper fibres are involved in abduction of the hip joint.

Question 10

Gluteus Medius

Answer 10

As a whole, the muscle is the most powerful abductor of the thigh.
The anterior fibres assist with medial rotation of the thigh.
Gluteus medius steadies the pelvis on the leg when the opposite leg is raised.

Question 11

Gluteus Minimus

Answer 11

Primarily medial rotation of the hip
Assists with abduction
Pelvis stability when walking

Question 12

Piriformis

Answer 12

Laterally rotates the hip and abducts the hip when the hip is flexed. Steadies the femoral head in the acetabulum

Question 13

Iliopsoas

Answer 13

Primarily flexes the hip, lateral rotation of the hip, also assists with trunk flexion and tilting the pelvis anteriorly

Question 14

Tensor Fascia Latae

Answer 14

This muscle abducts, medially rotates and assists in flexion of the knee and hip.
It also helps control movement during the stance phase of gait and assists gluteus minimus and medius in stabilising the pelvis.
The lower fibres may assist with stabilisation of the knee.

Question 15

Sartorius

Answer 15

Hip flexion and external rotation, knee flexion

Question 16

Rectus Femoris

Answer 16

Hip flexion and knee extension

Question 17

Vastus Lateralis

Answer 17

Extension of the knee

Question 18

Vastus Medialis

Answer 18

Knee extension

Question 19

Biceps Femoris

Answer 19

Hip extension (long head only), flexion and lateral rotation of the knee, with the long head also assisting in lateral rotation at the hip when the hip is extended.

Question 20

Semitendinosus

Answer 20

Flexion of the knee, hip extension, internal rotation of the flexed knee.

Question 21

Semimembranosus

Answer 21

Flexion of the knee, hip extension, internal rotation of the flexed knee.

Question 22

Adductor Longus & Brevis

Answer 22

Adducts thigh, and also partially flexes thigh (adductor portion), extension of the hip (hamstring portion)

Question 23

Adductor Magnus

Answer 23

Proximal attachment: Inferior ramus of the pubis, ramus of the ischium and the ischial tuberosity.

Distal attachment: Medial lip of linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur.

Question 24

Pectineus

Answer 24

Adduction, flexion and internal rotation of the thigh.

Question 25

Gracilis

Answer 25

Adduction, medial rotation of hip, knee flexion,

Question 26

Gastrocnemius

Answer 26

Plantar flexion and weak knee flexor

Question 27

Soleus

Answer 27

Plantar flexion of the ankle, assists inversion of the foot, provides ankle stability.
This muscle is an important stabiliser of the ankle.

Question 28

Peroneus Longus

Answer 28

Eversion and plantar flexion of the foot

Question 29

Peroneus Brevis

Answer 29

Eversion of the foot, control of foot movement and plantar flexion of the ankle

Question 30

Tibialis Anterior

Answer 30

Dorsiflexion of the ankle and inversion of the foot

Question 31

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Answer 31

Both the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus are buried under the edge of tibialis anterior. They are hard to locate by isolated contraction, but not impossible.
Palpate for extensor hallicus longus trigger points half way between the knee and the ankle just to the lateral side of the tibia.
To contract and differentiate this muscle, extend the large toe and the tendon is easily visible on the dorsal aspect of the foot between the tendons of tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus.