ACT 2: CHAIN OF INFECTION Flashcards
Prevention of nonsocomial or health-care-
associated infections.
Infection Control
Infection Control Factors:
⚫ Monitoring Investigation
⚫ Surveillance, investigation and
management.
◆ Hand Hygiene Compliance
◆ Contract Tracing
◆ Asset Management
◆ Medial Scope Management
◆ Environmental Monitoring
Infections contracted within hospital or those not becoming clinically apparent til the discharge of the patient or infections contracted by the health care professionals as a result of their direct or indirect contact with the patients
Nosocomial
Infection
Infections that are contracted outside the hospital or those that become clinically apparent within 48 hours of hospital admission are?
Community
Acquired
Infection
The patient contracts the disease during the hospital staff
Means of Contracting the Infection: NOSOCOMIAL
The disease is contracted by the patient before getting admitted to the hospital
Means of Contracting the Infection: COMMUNITY ACQUIRED INFECTION
CHAIN OF INFECTION IN ORDER:
- GERMS: Infectious agent
- WHERE GERMS LIVE: Reservoir
- HOW GERMS GOT OUT: Portal of Exit
- GERMS GET OUT: Mode of Transmission
- HOW GERMS GET IN: Portal of entry
- NEXT SICK PERSON: Susceptible host
(Agent)
* Bacteria
* Viruses
* Parasites
GERMS
(Reservoir)
* People Animals/Pets (dogs, cats.
reptiles)
* Wild animals
* Food Soil
* Water
WHERE GERMS LIVE
(Portal of Exit)
* Mouth (vomit, saliva)
* Cuts in the skin (blood)
* During diapering and toileting stool)
HOW GERMS GOT OUT
(Mode of Transmission)
*Contact (hands, toys, sand)
*Droplets (when you speak, sneeze or
cough)
GERMS GET OUT
(Portal of Entry)
* Mouth
* Cuts in the skin
* Eyes
HOW GERMS GET IN
[Susceptible Host)
* Babies
* Children
* Elderly
* People with a weakened immune
system
* Unimmunized people
* Anyone
NEXT SICK PERSON
STATE AT LEAST 5 WAYS TO BREAK THE CHAIN
✓ Immunization
✓ Treatment of underlying disease
✓ Health insurance
✓ Patient education
✓ Diagnosis and treatment
Physical transfer of infectious
microorganisms form the source to
susceptible host
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: DIRECT CONTACT
2 TYPES OF DIRECT CONTACT
HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION
Inanimate objects (eating utensils,
drinking cups, water bottles,
hospital instruments, clothing,
money, doorknobs, and tampons)
FOMITES
Congenital transmission (occurs
across the placenta or as the baby
passes through vaginal canal during
delivery)
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
Mechanical vectors biological
vectors (insects or arthropods)
VECTOR TRANSMISSION
Healthcare institutions should have an
_________________
.INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM
INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAM This program has the following functions:
- To protect patients, employees, an
visitors from infection - To screen employees for infectious
disease and require immunization
when needed - To provide evaluation and treatment
to health workers who were exposed
to infectious while performing their
duty, and - To monitor employees and patients
and health workers who were
exposed to such
When patients with contagious
diseases are placed into a room to
protect other people from
becoming infected
SOURCE ISOLATION
Protect an immunocompromised
patient who is at high risk acquiring
micro- organisms from either the
environment or from other
patients, staff, or visitors
PROTECTIVE ISOLATION
Type of facility is used to prevent
spread of infection from the patient
to other patient and hospital staffs
SOURCE ISOLATION
Patients with communicable
disease who can pass infections to
others via airborne droplets are
isolated in this type of room
SOURCE ISOLATION
Type of isolation facility are meant
to isolate immune- compromised
patients such as patient undergoing
organ transplant, or oncology
patient receiving chemotherapy,
HIV, etc.
PROTECTIVE ISOLATION
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Everyone Must:
- Clean hands when entering and
leaving room - Cover mouth and nose with arm or
tissue when coughing or sneezing
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Doctors and stuff Must:
- Gown and glove if soiling likely
- Wear mask and eye cover if splashing
body fluids likely
TRANSMISSION- BASED PRECAUTIONS
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS, DROPLET PRECAUTIONS, CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Use __________________ as
recommended for patients known or
suspected to be infected with
infectious agents transmitted person-
to-person by the airborne route.
Airborne precautions
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS: PATIENT PLACEMENT
- Place in an AIIR (Airborne Isolation
Room) - Monitor air pressure daily with visual
indications. - Keep door closed when not required
for entry and exit. - In ambulatory settings instruct
patients with known or suspected
airborne infection to wear a surgical
mask and observe Respiratory
Hygiene/ Cough Etiquette. Once in an
AIIR, the mask may be removed.
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS: PATEINT TRANSPORT
- Limit transport to medically
necessary purposes. - If transport outside an AIIR is
necessary, instruct patients to
wear surgical mask ., and observe
Respiratory Hygiene/ Cough
Etiquette.
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Wear a fi-tested, NIOSH- approved
N95 or higher-level respirator for
respiratory protection when entering
the room of a patient when listed
diseases are suspected or confirmed.
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Don mask upon entry into the patient
room or cubicle
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS: HAND HYGIENE
Hand hygiene according to standard
precautions.
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS: PATIENT PLACEMENT
Private room, if possible. Cohort or
maintain spatial separation of 3 feet
other patients or visitors if private
room is not available
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS: PATIENT TRANSPORT
➢ Limit transport to medically necessary
purposes.
➢ If transport or movement in any
healthcare setting is necessary,
instruct patient to wear a mask and
follow Respiratory Hygiene/ Caught
Etiquette.
➢ No mask is required for persons
Transporting patients on Droplets
Precautions.
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS: GLOVES
➢ Don gloves upon entry into the room
or cubicle.
➢ Wear gloves whenever touching the
patient’s intact skin or surface and
articles in close proximately to the
patient.
➢ Remove gloves before leaving patient
room.
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS: HAND HYGIENE
➢ According to Standard Precautions
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS: GOWNS
➢ Don gown upon entry into the room
or cubicle
➢ Remove gown and observe hand
hygiene before leaving the patient
-care environment.
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS: PATIENT TRANSPORT
➢ Limit transport of patients to
medically necessary purposes.
➢ Ensure that- infected or colonized
areas of the patient’s body are
contained and covered
