Act 13 B - Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards
The period of time that begins with contraction of the atria and ends with ventricular relaxation is known as the _____
cardiac cycle
The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation is called _____
systole
The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called _____
diastole
Enumerate the progression of the cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle begins with atrial systole and progresses to ventricular systole, atrial diastole, and ventricular diastole, when the cycle begins again.
One of the simplest, yet effective, diagnostic techniques applied to assess the state of a patient’s heart is _____
auscultation using a stethoscope
The two audible heart sounds In a normal, healthy heart
S1 and S2
_____ is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction
S1
Normally described as a “lub,” or first heart sound
S1
_____ is the sound of the closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole
S2
Described as a “dub”
S2
S1 is described as ___ while S2 is described as ___
lub, dub
True or False
In both S1 and S2, as the valves close, the openings within the atrioventricular septum guarded by the valves will become reduced, and blood flow through the opening will become more turbulent until the valves are fully closed
True
The ____ heart sound or __ is rarely heard in healthy individuals. It may be the sound of blood flowing into the atria, or blood sloshing back and forth in the ventricle, or even tensing of the chordae tendineae.
third, S3
_____ may be heard in youth, some athletes, and pregnant women.
S3
If this heart sound is heard later in life, it may indicate congestive heart failure, warranting further tests
S3
Some cardiologists refer to the collective S1, S2, and S3 sounds as the ____ because they mimic those produced by a galloping horse
Kentucky gallop
The _____ heart sound or _____, results from the contraction of the atria pushing blood into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle, indicating failure of the left ventricle.
fourth, S4
True or False
S4 occurs after S1
False
S4 occurs prior to S1
The collective sounds S4, S1, and S2 are referred to by some cardiologists as the “_____” because of their similarity to the sound produced by a galloping horse with a different gait.
Tennessee gallop
A few individuals may have both S3 and S4, and this combined sound is referred to as _____
S7
The term _____ is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood.
murmur
Murmurs are graded on a scale of __ to __
1 to 6
_____ can be used to record both normal and abnormal sounds using specialized electronic stethoscopes
Phonocardiograms or auscultograms
It represents the tactile arterial palpation of the cardiac cycle by trained fingertips
Pulse
2 types of Blood Pressure Readings
Systolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure when the heart beats.
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure on the blood vessels when the heart muscle relaxes.
Diastolic blood pressure
Two methods of measuring blood pressure
Direct method
Indirect method
The criterion standard consists of using an intra-arterial catheter to obtain a measurement.
Direct method
Involves collapsing the artery with an external cuff, providing an inexpensive and easily reproducible way to measure blood pressure.
Indirect Method
Blood pressure is measured in units of:
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
The readings of blood pressure are always given in what pairs?
the upper (systolic) value and the lower (diastolic) value
_____ increases blood flow into the right side of the heart and may increase the amplitude of right-sided heart murmurs.
Inhalation
_____ partially restricts blood flow into the left side of the heart and may amplify left-sided heart murmurs.
Expiration
True or False
During auscultation, it is not a common practice for the clinician to ask the patient to breathe deeply.
False
This procedure not only allows for listening to airflow, but it may also amplify heart murmurs.
The action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis.
Auscultation
he pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as ___
the neck, wrist, at the groin, behind the knee, near the ankle joint, and on foot.
Normal systolic blood pressure
less than 120
Normal diastolic blood pressure
less than 80
High blood pressure (no other heart risk factors) systolic blood pressure
140 or higher
High blood pressure (no other heart risk factors) diastolic blood pressure
90 or higher
Palpation of the _____ would also form part of this systematic examination (to identify abdominal aortic aneurysms for example).
abdominal aorta
Other sites may be examined for pulses, in special circumstances. The _____ may be examined for tenderness in temporal arteritis
temporal artery
Other sites may be examined for pulses, in special circumstances. The _____ may be examined if the radial cannot be felt or before arterial access at the radial site
ulnar artery
True or False
Some recommend avoiding palpation with the thumb (misinterpreting your own radial pulse pulsating in the examiner’s thumb).
True
Palpate the artery wall with the tips of the ___ and ____ fingers.
index and middle
True or False
However, others contend that kinaesthetic sensitivity is better in the thumb to detect pulse character in (carotid artery and brachial artery particularly).
True
Identify the qualities or characteristics of the pulse by asking:
What is the pulse rate?
What is the pulse rhythm?
What is the character of the pulse?
True or False
With every beat of the heart, it pumps blood into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system.
True
True or False
As the blood moves around the body, it does not put pressure on the walls of the vessels
False
The pressure while the heart muscle is contracting (squeezing) and pumping oxygen-rich blood into the blood vessels.
Systolic blood pressure
The first and higher number measures pressure inside your arteries when the heart beats.
Systolic blood pressure
Always lower than the systolic pressure
Diastolic blood pressure
The second and lower number measures the pressure inside the artery when the heart rests between beats.
Diastolic blood pressure
someone who has a reading of 132/88 mmHg (often spoken “132 over 88”) has a systolic blood pressure of __ and diastolic blood pressure of __
132, 88
The ____ is the criterion standard and consists of using an intra-arterial catheter to obtain a measurement.
direct method
It is used more commonly in the intensive care or operative settings.
Direct Method
This method, however, is not practical due to its invasiveness and its inability to be applied to large groups of asymptomatic individuals for hypertension screening.
Direct Method
The _____ involves collapsing the artery with an external cuff, providing an inexpensive and easily reproducible way to measure blood pressure.
indirect method
The indirect method is also called
Noninvasive
True or False
The direct method can be performed using a manual cuff and sphygmomanometer, a manual cuff and doppler ultrasound, or with an automated oscillometric device.
False
The indirect method can be performed using a manual cuff and sphygmomanometer, a manual cuff and doppler ultrasound, or with an automated oscillometric device.
True or False
The automated method requires auscultation of the blood pressure, whereas the manual system depends on oscillometric devices.
False
The manual method requires auscultation of the blood pressure, whereas the automated system depends on oscillometric devices.
True or False
With manual blood pressure measurements, both observer and methodological errors can occur.
True
True or False
Automated oscillometric devices remove the observer errors that can occur with manual measurementsand are without faults.
False
Automated oscillometric devices remove the observer errors that can occur with manual measurements but are not without faults.
High blood pressure readings are also labeled by categories, ranging from ___ to ___
normal, crisis
High blood pressure (with other heart risk factors, according to some providers) systolic blood pressure
130 or higher
High blood pressure (with other heart risk factors, according to some providers) diastolic blood pressure
80 or higher
Dangerously high blood pressure, systolic blood pressure
180 or higher
Dangerously high blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure
120 or higher
An instrument for measuring blood pressure, typically consisting of an inflatable rubber cuff which is applied to the arm and connected to a column of mercury next to a graduated scale, enabling the determination of systolic and diastolic blood pressure by increasing and gradually releasing the pressure in the cuff
Sphygmomanometer
The cardiac cycle:
- Isovolumetric Relaxation
- Ventricular Filling
- Atrial Contraction
- Isovolumetric Contraction
- Ventricular Contraction
- Ventricular Ejection
Ventricular Diastole - early
Isovolumetric Relaxation
Ventricular Diastole - late
Ventricular filling
Atrial Systole begins
Atrial Contraction
Ventricular Systole - First Phase
Ventricular Contraction
Ventricular Systole - Second Phase
Ventricular Ejection
