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African Canadian Studies 11 > ACS Exam > Flashcards

ACS Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hominids

A

A species that includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

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2
Q

Homo Habilis

A

Known as “handy man” and was the first species to use tools.

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3
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The study of the origins of humankind.

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4
Q

Bipedalism

A

The process of walking upright on two legs.

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5
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Known as “upright man” and was a taller hominid with a bigger brain who designed more sophisticated tools.

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6
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

Known as “wise man” used fire for cooking and was capable of complex speech.

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7
Q

Diaspora

A

A group of people who are dispersed around the world.

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8
Q

Out of Africa Theory

A

Modern humankind evolved from a single population of homo sapiens living in Africa 14,000 to 200,000 years ago.

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9
Q

Mitochondrial Eve

A

The 10,000th great grandmother of everyone alive on Earth.

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10
Q

Mount Kilimanjaro

A

Africa’s highest peak.

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11
Q

Sahara

A

The largest hot desert in the world.

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12
Q

Nile

A

The longest river in the world.

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13
Q

Oral Tradition

A

The telling of stories and histories by word of mouth from one generation to another.

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14
Q

Myth

A

A symbolic account of the origin of things

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14
Q

Proverb

A

A short saying that embodies a general truth or piece of advice.

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15
Q

Griots

A

Men and women who are trained to preserve their oral histories.

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16
Q

Eurocentric

A

Regarding European culture and history as more dominant and more important than other culture of the world.

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17
Q

How many countries are in Africa?

A

54

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18
Q

How many languages are spoken in Africa?

A

1000

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19
Q

Give 3 pieces of evidence that helps prove the theory that modern humankind evolved in Africa.

A
  • In 1959, the Leakey’s found skull fragments in East Africa that were 1.75 million years old.
  • In 1974, Donald Johanson discovered the fossil remains of Lucy in Ethiopia that dated back 3.2 million years ago.
  • In 1978, Mary Leakey discovered a trail of hominid footprints in Tanzania that dated back 3.6 million years ago.
  • In 1986, scientists using DNA analysis concluded that all humans were descended from a single woman who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
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20
Q

Give the age, body size, brain size, diet and speech of homo habilis.

A
  • Lived between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago
  • Shorter than humans but with longer arms than humans (4 foot 3 Inches)(1.3m)
  • Brain was half the size of modern humans (640cc)
  • Omnivorous diet (both wild plants and animals)
  • Rudimentary (simple, primitive) speech (sounds/gestures)
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21
Q

Give the age, body size, brain size, diet and speech of homo erectus.

A
  • Lived between 1.8 million to 300,000 years ago
  • Taller than Homo Habilis. (4ft 6 inch - 6 foot 1 inch)(1.4 -1.8m). Of average human size
  • Brain was bigger than Homo Habilis but smaller than humans (850cc -1100cc)
  • Meat eater
  • Capable of complex speech
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22
Q

Give the age, body size, brain size, diet and speech of homo sapiens.

A
  • Emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa
  • A more slender figure than Homo Erectus .(6ft) (1.6-1.7 m tall)
  • Had a slightly larger brain than Homo Erectus (1350cc)
  • Omnivorous diet (both wild plants and animals)
  • Capable of complex speech and abstract thought
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23
Q

Indentured Servant

A

A person who is contracted into the paid service of another for a specified period of time.

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24
Q

Chattel

A

A personal possession that is legal property of the owner.

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25
Q

Eunuchs

A

Young castrated male slaves who would guard the women in the harems.

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26
Q

East African Trade

A

This slave trade lasted about 1200 years with 14 million slaves being sold.

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27
Q

Trans-Atlantic Trade

A

This slave trade lasted about 300 years with 12 million slaves being sold.

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28
Q

Trading Factories

A

African slaves were held here on the African coast before being sent to distant lands and a life of slavery.

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29
Q

Triangular Trade

A

The trading of slaves between Europe, Africa and the Americas.

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30
Q

Middle Passage

A

The journey that brought captured African slaves to the Americas by ship.

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31
Q

Abolitionist

A

A person who favours banning the practice of slavery.

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32
Q

Zong

A

British slave ship that in 1781 threw 132 sick slaves overboard.

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33
Q

La Amistad

A

Spanish slave ship on which 53 slaves rose up and overthrew their captors.

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34
Q

Public Auction

A

Where slaves were inspected and sold to plantation owners.

35
Q

Plantations

A

Where slaves worked in the fields harvesting sugar, coffee, cotton and tobacco.

36
Q

How many slaves were normally boarded on a ship?

A

300

37
Q

Creole

A

A new language created by slaves.

38
Q

When did slavery end in the USA?

A

December 6, 1865.

39
Q

When slavery end in Canada?

A

August 1, 1834.

40
Q

Olivier Le Jeune

A

The first black slave in Canada.

41
Q

What was the most common form of punishments for slaves?

A

Whipping.

42
Q

John Graves Simcoe

A

In 1793 he passed laws to prohibit the import of slaves into Upper Canada.

43
Q

William Osgoode

A

In 1794 he helped end slavery in Lower Canada by refusing to convict runaway slaves.

44
Q

Matthieu DaCosta

A

The first black person known to have visited Canada.

45
Q

List 4 reasons someone could become a slave.

A
  • Prisoner of war
  • Kidnapped during raids
  • Criminals
  • Practicing witchcraft
  • Tribute/bribe to persuade an enemy not to wage war
  • Debt
46
Q

Describe the 3 stages of the triangular trade.

A

Ist Leg - Ships left Europe for African markets where goods (textiles and rum) were traded for slaves.
2nd Leg - Traders sailed from Africa to the America’s and Caribbean to sell or trade slaves for goods (sugar, tobacco, and cotton)
3rd Leg - These goods were returned to Europe to sell.

47
Q

Describe the (4) living conditions on slave ships during the middle passage.

A
  • The holds were dark and airless, extremely hot
  • Slaves had to go to the bathroom where they lay
  • A dead slave could go unnoticed for days
  • Diseases and illnesses often spread extremely quick
  • Shackled at the leg to another slave
  • Tight packing – very little room to move
48
Q

Describe 5 types of punishment experienced by slaves?

A

Verbal insults, being hit or whipped, boxing of ears, confinement, branding on the flesh
with a hot iron, mutilation, breaking legs, severing fingers, and slitting of the tongues.

49
Q

Underground Railroad

A

A vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the north and to Canada.

50
Q

Fugitive Slave Act

A

1850 law permitting the recapture of fugitive slaves from northern free states.

51
Q

Stations

A

Homes and businesses where fugitive slaves would rest and eat.

52
Q

Stationmasters

A

People responsible for the places where fugitive slaves would hide.

53
Q

Conductors

A

A person responsible for moving the fugitive slaves from one station to the next.

54
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

She made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.

55
Q

Africville

A

African Canadian village demolished by the city of Halifax.

56
Q

Viola Desmond

A

Arrested in 1946 in New Glasgow for sitting in the “whites only” section of a local theater.

57
Q

Willie O’Ree

A

In 1958, he became the first black hockey player to play an NHL game.

58
Q

William Hall

A

The first black and first Nova Scotian to win the Victoria Cross medal for bravery.

59
Q

Brown v. Board of Education

A

In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court desegregated schools across America in 1954.

60
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

This abolitionist and former slave became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States.

61
Q

13th Ammendment

A

This amendment to the US Constitution in 1865 abolished slavery.

62
Q

14th Ammendment

A

This amendment to the US Constitution in 1868 granted citizenship to all citizens born in the U.S. with equal protection under the law.

63
Q

15th Ammendment

A

This amendment to the US Constitution in 1870 declared that no citizen could be prevented from voting based on race.

64
Q

Emmett Till

A

This 14 year old black boy was brutally murdered in Mississippi in 1955 for allegedly
whistling at a white woman.

65
Q

Black Loyalists

A

Slaves that fought for the British during the American Revolutionary in exchange for freedom.

66
Q

Marcus Garvey

A

He founded the UNIA in 1914 which promoted blacks to be truly self-reliant and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa.

67
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.

A

The most visible leader of the American Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968.

68
Q

Rosa Parks

A

In 1955, this lady refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to whites starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

69
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

Issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 and held the promise of freedom for nearly 4 million black slaves living in the southern rebel states.

70
Q

Freedmen’s Bureau

A

After the abolition of slavery, this organization helped black people find jobs and housing and reunited families torn apart by slavery.

71
Q

Black Codes

A

These laws were passed by the southern states after the abolition of slavery to restrict the working rights of blacks, prevent them from owning land, and prohibit interracial marriage.

72
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

State and local laws in the U.S. that enforced racial segregation ensuring that blacks received the poorest of services and worst facilities.

73
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

This secret organization founded in 1866 assaulted and murdered blacks based on a “White Supremacist” ideology.

74
Q

No.2 Construction Battallion

A

This Battalion, formed in 1916 and based out of Pictou, NS, consisted of all black soldiers who built roads and bridges as well as defused landmines.

75
Q

African Rifles

A

The first all-Black militia unit in British North American west.

76
Q

Wally Peters

A

Canada’s first Black jet fighter pilot.

77
Q

Carl “Campy” Crawford

A

The first Black municipal police officer in Nova Scotia and east of Montreal.

78
Q

Why did most of the Black Loyalists head to the Atlantic colonies? How were they treated when
they arrived?

A

Black loyalists were promised freedom as well as plots of land and farmland. Very few loyalists received their farmland. Many had to wait or petition the government to get what they were promised. The land was remote and not good for farming. The soil was poor and impossible to cultivate. Many experienced poverty and starvation as well as being exploited by white people.

79
Q

Describe the racial segregation in Canada in the early 1900’s.

A

Blacks were prevented from joining unions, working in hotels, renting hotel rooms, and barred from playing in white sports leagues. Canada also discriminated against blacks by prohibiting entry of immigrants who belonged to any race deemed unsuited for the requirements of Canada.

80
Q

Describe 3 conditions of Africville and list 3 undesirable services that were placed in Africville.

A
  • Africville had no paved roads, power, running water, formal waste disposal
    system, garbage collection, public transportation, recreational facilities or
    adequate police protection.
  • Undesirable services such as a fertilizer plant, slaughterhouse, Rockhead Prison,
    open pit dump, human waste pit and an Infectious Diseases Hospital.
81
Q

What 3 steps have been taken to educate Canadians on what happened to Africville?

A
  • In 1991, the National Film Board of Canada produced a powerful 35-minute documentary called Remember Africville.
  • In 1996, the site was declared a National Historic Site of Canada.
  • In 2010, Halifax Regional Municipality Mayor Peter Kelly apologized for the destruction of Africville.
  • In 2012, Halifax built a replica church museum on the site and renamed it Africville Park.
  • In 2014, Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp depicting residents of Africville.
82
Q

What has the province of Nova Scotia done to preserve the legacy of Viola Desmond? What 2
things has Canada done to preserve her legacy?

A
  • In 2015, the very first Nova Scotia Heritage Day was officially called “Viola Desmond day”.
    1) In 2012, Canada Post issued a postage stamp bearing her image.
    2) In 2016, the Bank of Canada announced that Desmond will be the first Canadian woman to be featured on the country’s 10 dollar bill beginning in 2018.
83
Q

Describe any 3 of Harriet Tubman’s techniques for leading slaves to freedom?

A
  • She used the master’s horse and buggy for the first leg of the journey
  • Leaving on a Saturday night since runaway notices couldn’t be placed until Monday morning
  • Turning about and heading south if she encountered possible slave hunters
  • Carried a drug to use on a baby if its crying might put the fugitives in danger.
  • Carried a gun which she used to threaten the fugitives if they became too tired or decided to turn back
84
Q

Give 3 examples of “Jim Crow” Laws.

A
  • Restrictions on voting rights
  • Bans on interracial relationships
  • Clauses that allowed businesses to separate their black and white clientele
  • Segregation in the armed forces
  • Segregation in schools
  • American Red Cross kept black people’s blood segregated until the 1940’s
85
Q

Describe any 3 events that Martin Luther King played a vital role in during the Civil Rights
Movement.

A
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955, after Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery Bus, King is there to organize the 382 day boycott of the Alabama state buses which have legalized segregation. The Supreme Court rules that segregated buses are unconstitutional.
  • Birmingham Riots – 1963, King is there to help demonstrate for the desegregation of Birmingham department store facilities. Several marches result in violence. Blacks are sprayed with powerful fire hoses and attacked by police dogs. The images
    are broadcast around the country. The department store owners agree to desegregate facilities in 60 days.
  • Washington – 1963, King is the keynote speaker for the march on Washington for jobs and freedom. In front of 250,000 people, King delivers his “I Have A Dream Speech”.
  • Selma – 1965, King is there to increase black voter registration. Marches are held and in nearby Marion Alabama where Jimmie Lee Jackson is killed by Alabama state troopers. King marches to the state capital in Montgomery and three people are
    killed. Four months later the Voting Rights Act is passed.
  • Memphis – 1968, King helps striking sanitation workers demonstrate for fairer wages. Here he delivers his “I’ve Been To the Mountaintop” speech”. Shortly after, King is assassinated at the Lorraine Motel.

African Canadian Studies 11 (4 decks)

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