ACS

Question 1

RED FLAGS

Question 2

DIFFERENTIALS

Answer 2

• CV: acute pericarditis, myocarditis, aortic stenosis, aortic dissection, PE, LBBB.
• Resp: pneumonia, pneumothorax.
• GIT: oesophageal spasm, GORD, acute gastritis, cholecystitis, acute pancreatitis.
• Other: MSK chest pain/strain, anxiety.

Question 3

RISK FACTORS

Answer 3

• Modifiable: diet, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol, stimulant use, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension.
• Non-modifiable: age, gender, family Hx, race, congenital cholesterol disorders.

Question 4

DEFINITION

Answer 4

A group of diseases where there is decreased blood flow to part of the heart, usually secondary to plaque rupture & formation of a thrombus. This can result in ischemia & later infarction to that area of the heart.

Question 5

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Answer 5

Damage to endothelial wall of blood vessel –> LDL enters the tissue –> LDL oxidised by macrophages –> macrophages become foam cells –> foam cells accumulate to create fatty streaks –> causing smooth muscle proliferation = fibrinous plaques.
- Stable plaque –> stable angina- chest pain occurs when the heart is put under pressure from stimuli such as exercise or stress –> resolves when the stimulus ceases.
- Unstable plaque –> rupture –> coagulation cascade –> clot formation/thrombus –> clot dislodges & becomes thrombus –> lodges in the coronary arteries –> occlusion of vessel = unstable angina –> AMI.

Question 6

MANIFESTATIONS

Answer 6

• Sudden, severe chest pain radiating to neck, jaw, shoulder, back, L arm –> unrelieved by meds/rest, heavy/crushing quality, Pt’s. feels like they are going to die.
• Sympathetic activation –> tachycardia, tachypnoea, diaphoresis, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, syncope.
• Silent/painless MI common in elderly & Pt’s. with diabetes mellitus.

Question 7

TREATMENT

Answer 7

D. R. A. B: O2. C: IV access, Aspirin, GTN. D. E. Pre-notify hospital.
Pain: Fentanyl/morphine. Other: Ondansetron, thrombolysis clot if >60min from pPCI capable hospital, or administer drugs for pPCI referral if <60 min.
1. pPCI referral: Heparin (anticoagulant). Ticagrelor (antiplatelet) or clopidogrel (antiplatelet).
2. Fibrinolysis: Enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin – anticoagulant). Clopidogrel (antiplatelet). Tenecteplase (thrombolytic).
Secondary Survey: CVA, pain assessments.

Question 8

ROLE OF PARAMEDICS

Answer 8

Rule out STEMI mimics, maximise perfusion to heart/decrease O2 consumption, minimise further platelet aggregation, provide pain relief and antiemetic

Question 9

PHARMACOLOGY

Answer 9

Aspirin
An antiplatelet which blocks prostaglandin synthesis. It inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (COX), reducing synthesis of thromboxane A2 (inducer of platelet aggregation). This action prevents platelets from aggregating to exposed collagen fibres at the site of vascular injury.
- Side effects: epigastric pain, nausea/vomiting, gastritis, GI bleeding, NSAID-induced bronchospasm

Fentanyl
A mu (opioid) receptor agonist which reduce GABAergic neurotransmission & increase parasympathetic activity. GABA release –> hypopolarisation –> CNS depression, activation of dopaminergic pathways in CNS –> change perception/disassociation from pain + euphoria. The inhibition of nociceptive afferent neurons in the PNS impairs transmission of pain messages.
-Side effects: (Boy Does He Need Pain Relief)

GTN
Small doses relax vascular smooth muscles, causing arteriolar/vasodilatation. High doses increase blood flow to the myocardium, reducing cardiac pre-load, myocardial wall stress, coronary artery spasm, vascular resistance, & BP.
- Side effects: dizzy, hypotension, syncope, reflex tachycardia, vascular headaches.

Ondansetron
A serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists which blocks the action of serotonin. Serotonin stimulates vagal & splanchnic nerve receptors that project to the medullary vomiting centre & 5-HT3 receptors in the postrema, initiating the vomiting reflex, causing nausea and vomiting.
- Side effects: headache, constipation.

Question 10

DEFINITIVE CARE

Answer 10

• Assessments: ECG monitoring, troponins, blood cholesterol levels, renal function, whole blood count, assessment by cardiologist, CT angiography (dye to view blood clot)
• Treatment: pPCI (stent to open up coronary artery to reperfuse the heart), thrombolysis
• Long-term drugs/treatment: Diuretics, antihypertensives, anticholesterolemic, pacemaker, beta blockers, long-term antiplatelets, calcium channel blockers.