Acronyms Economics Flashcards
What is the Acronym for Internal economies of scale and what does it stand for?
Really Fun Mums Try Making Pies
Risk Bearing Financial Managerial Technical Marketing Purchasing
What are economies of scale?
A reduction in LRAC as output increases
What are examples of external economies of scale?
Better transport infrastructure
Component supplies moving closer
Research and development firms move closer
What are the 4 causes of diseconomies of scale?
Control
Communication
Co-ordination
Motivation
What is revenue?
Money made from sales from the business
What are the characteristics of perfect competition?
Many buyers and sellers
Homogenous goods
Firms are price takers
No barriers to entry/exit
Perfect information
What does an average revenue curve look like in a perfect market?
Horizontal straight line where AR=MR=D
What does a total revenue diagram look like in a perfect market
Horizontal line from origin directly
What is the characteristics of imperfect competition?
Few buyers and sellers
Differentitated goods
Firms are price makers
High barriers to entry/exit
Imperfect information
What does an average revenue curve like in an imperfect competition?
identical to a demand curve
What is average revenue equal to in a imperfect competition?
Demand
What does a marginal revenue curve look like in an imperfect competition?
A twice as steep demand curve that goes under the diagram.
What does a total revenue curve look in an imperfect competition?
A sad face that stops going down when marginal revenue turns negative.
What is included in total costs in economics?
Physical costs such as total fixed costs and total variable costs and opportunity costs.
What symbol does profit use in economics.
Pi
What is the formula for profit in economics?
TR-TC
What is included in total costs that is different from business studies?
The opportunity cost is also included when calculating total costs.
What is it called when a firm in a market is making £0 Economic profit?
Normal profit
What is it called when a firm is making £10,000 economic profit?
Supernormal profit.
What is called when a firm is making -£10,000 economic loss?
Subnormal profit
What is normal profit
Is the minimum level of profit required to keep factors of production in that current use.
What is supernormal profit
Is any profit made above normal profit that is an economic profit which is positive.
What is subnormal profit
Is any economic profit below normal profit, i.e an economic loss.
How do you know when normal profit is being made?
AR=AC
How do you know when supernormal profit is being made?
AR>AC
How do you know when subnormal profit is being made?
AR
What level is profit maximisation?
MC=MR
Why do some firms profit maximisation?
Re-investment
Dividends for shareholders
Lower costs + lower prices for consumers
Reward for Entrepreneurship
Why may some firms not profit maximise?
Don’t know level of MC=MR
Greater scrutiny from market authorities
Key stakeholders can be harmed when you profit maximise
Other objectives can be more appropriate
What is the potential objective of a firm Profit satisficing?
Sacrificing profit to satisfy as many key stakeholders as possible
What stakeholders will benefit from profit maximisation?
Shareholders and managers
What stakeholders may be against from profit maximisation?
Consumers (forced to pay high prices / gain bad reputation)
Workers (lower wages in order to maximise profits)
Government (investigate business actions)
Environmental groups (social media attacks leading to bad reputation)
What level does revenue maximisation occur?
When MR=0
Why may a firm focus on revenue maximisation?
Economies of scale (revenue max quantity is greater than the profit maximisation quantity so with that comes greater growth, great economies of scale and lower average costs therefore potentially lower prices for consumers)
Allows predatory pricing to take place as price level will be lower than price maximisation level due to above.
Principle agent problem
What is sales maximisation (growth maximisation) level?
AC=AR
Why may a firm sales maximisation?
Economies of scale
Limit pricing (taking away the incentive for new firms to enter the market thus limiting competition as you are selling at break-even point).
Principle agent problem (managers may use sales as leverage for greater perks in their job when they approach shareholders).
Flood the market to gain brand recognition and loyalty.
What is the survival objective of a firm?
A short term objective in hyper competitive markets, to survive in the short run trying to make consumers aware of their product, once people aware of their product they can change their objective to look for profit.
What are public sector organisation objectives?
Maximise society welfare, keeping prices low to make sure quantities are high to maximise the society welfare where P=MC at the point of allocative efficiency.
What is the possible objective of a firm corporate social responsibility?
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is when companies integrate social and environmental concerns into their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.
What are the four curves on an objective of a firm diagram?
Average cost
(Smily face)
Marginal cost(Small smily face then shoots straight up)
Average revenue(just a demand curve AR=D)
Marginal revenue (Like a demand curve but twice as steep and goes below)
What does an average cost curve look like?
Smily face
What does a marginal cost curve look like?
Small smily then rapidly goes up
What does an average revenue curve look like?
A demand curve from the highest point on the diagram, making sure to write AR=D
What does a marginal revenue curve look like?
A twice as steep demand curve that starts at the top of the diagram and goes below the diagram.
Where is profit satisficing on an objective of a firm diagram?
Occurs at any point between profit maximisation and sales maximisation.
What are the four types of efficiency’s?
Allocative
Productive
X
Dynamic
What are barriers to entry?
Any obstacle that prevents a new firm entering a market can also be a source of monopoly power.
What is the acronym for the barriers to entry?
Lloyds TSB Legal Technical Strategic Brand Loyalty
What are the legal barriers to entry?
Patents Licenses/Permits Red tape (Excessive paperwork or bureaucracy) Standardards or Regulations Insurance
What are technical barriers to entry? (Industry specific barriers)
Start up costs
Sunk costs
Economies of scale of other firms
Natural monopoly
What are strategic barriers to entry?
Predatory pricing
Limit pricing
Heavy advertising
What is the barrier to entry brand loyalty?
This occurs when consumers have a strong preference for a particular type of good or brand. It means that the consumer will be willing to make repeat purchases and is much less likely to experiment with other goods.
What are barriers to exit?
Any obstacle that prevents a firm leaving a market, a s
What are examples of barriers to exit?
Under valuation of assets
Redundancy costs
Penalties for leaving contracts early
Sunk costs
What are possible locations of allocative efficiency?
Where resources follow consumer demand.
Where society surplus is maximised
Where net social benefit is maximised.
Demand=Supply
Marginal social benefit=Marginal social cost
Price=Marginal cost
What is productive efficiency?
Maximising output of the lowest possible average cost.
There is a full exploitation of economies of scale.
What is x-inefficiency?
X Inefficiency occurs when a firm lacks the incentive to control costs. This causes the average cost of production to be higher than necessary. When there is this lack of incentives, the firm will not be technically efficient.
Where does x-efficiency occur?
When a firm is producing higher on its average cost curve than necessary.
What is dynamic efficiency?
Re-investment of long run supernormal profit back into the business.
There must be supernormal profit being made over time in the long run for a firm to be dynamically efficient.
How do you show a firm being dynamically efficient?
You show long supernormal profit on a business diagram (the one used to show business objectives).
To do this you show a firm operating at profit maximisation level and the box above the equilibrium is the supernormal profit.
What is the difference between static and dynamic efficiencies?
Static includes allocative, productive and x efficiency these are all efficiencies that occur at one specific production point whereas dynamic efficiency occurs over time.
What are the static efficiencies?
Allocative, Productive, X
What is allocative efficiency?
This occurs when there is an optimal distribution of goods and services, taking into account consumer’s preferences at an output level where the price equals the Marginal Cost (MC) of production.
What is supply on a business diagram?
Marginal cost
How does being allocative efficient effect a consumer?
Resources follow consumer demand
Low prices
Maximisation of consumer surplus
High choice
High quality
How does being Allocatively efficient effect a producer?
Allows a producer to retain or increase market share.
Allows them to stay ahead of rivals
increase profit
What point does productive efficiency occur?
MC=AC
Why is productive efficiency potentially good for consumers?
Potential lower prices leading to higher consumer surplus as there is full exploitation of economies of scale.
Why is productive efficiency good for firms?
More production at lower average cost leading to higher profit.
Lower prices if decided will allow a firm to retain or increase market share.
What is needed for dynamic efficiency to occur?
Supernormal profit in the long run
Why is dynamic efficiency good for consumers?
New innovative products being made
Potential lower prices over time due to innovation of new production techniques
Resulting in higher consumer surplus.
Why is dynamic efficiency good for firms?
Long run profit due to new innovation and staying ahead of rivals allowing a firm to keep up its price making ability.
Lower costs over time allowing a firm to keep prices low and increase profits.
Retain or increase market issue stay ahead or rivals as innovation will allow firms to gain patents which can allow them to have a degree of monopoly power over supply.
What is X-efficiency?
Production with no waste, no excess costs above the average cost.
What must occur for a firm to be x-efficient?
Production must be on the average cost curve.
Why is it good for consumers for a firm to be x-efficient?
Consumers may get lower prices if the lower costs are passed onto consumers causing higher consumer surplus.
Why is it good for a firm to be x-efficient?
Lower costs therefore higher profit.
Lower prices can be passed onto consumers to increase market share if that is an objective of a firm.
What are the characteristics of a perfect competition?
Many buyers and sellers (infinite)
Homogenous goods- firms are price takers
No barriers to entry/exit
Perfect information
Firms are profit maximisers
Why do you have to draw two diagrams for perfect competition?
As in perfect competition they are price takers as a result you have to draw a diagram to show the market price.
How do you show the amount of supernormal profit being made?
The difference between average cost and average revenue, if average revenue is greater than average cost supernormal profit is being made.
Why can supernormal profit only be made in the short run in perfect competition?
As there is no barriers to entry and perfect information of market conditions so new firms enter causing the supply curve to shift outwards resulting in a lower market price causing normal profit to be made.
What does the diagram or diagrams look like that shows supernormal profit only lasts in the short run in perfect competition?
Market price diagram (Typical supply and demand in equilibrium) which supply shifts outwards when new firms enter when they see supernormal profit being made, in parallel to P2 of 2nd diagram.
Then a diagram showing the average cost, marginal cost and a horizontal AR=MR=D curve showing supernormal profit, then showing supernormal fall as new firms enter by a 2nd AR=MR=D curve.
For price takers why does AR=MR=D?
As the demand at that price point, is equal to the average revenue and marginal revenue as a firm can’t decide on the price so all three are the same.
If a firm is a price taker what is demand equal to?
Average revenue=Marginal revenue=demand.
Why can a firm only make subnormal profit in a perfect competition in the short run?
This is because firms will be making a loss due to average cost being higher than average revenue as a result this incentives firms to leave the market which thus reduces the supply in the market which causes a price increase, this price increase will keep increasing until there are no more incentives for a firm to leave the market, at which point normal profit will be made.