Acquired Brain Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Contusion vs Concussion

A

Contusion is an encephalic damage due to direct external forces (trauma) on the skull developing a haematoma.
While concussion is an encephalic damage causing by forces of inertia.

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2
Q

EDH

A

Intracranial pressure (non-depressive fracture)
> Deviation of the midline
> Compression of subcortical structures
> Compression of the brainstem
> LOC

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3
Q

SDH

A
  1. Undergoing anticoagulatory therapy
  2. Genetic diseases, where the integrity of blood vessels is compromised
  3. Elderly falls
  4. As an adverse effect of certain drugs and supplements
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4
Q

Concussion - Pathophysiology

A
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5
Q

Symptom prevalence in PCS

A

Physical:
- Headache
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Problems with balance and Gait
- Light and Sound sensitivity

Cognitive:
- Cognitive deficits (porblem with concentration, memory, attention)
- Language impairment
- Disorientation and Amnesia

Emotional:
- Emotional lability
- Increased anxiety

Sleep:
- Sleep-wake disturbance

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6
Q

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

Result of multiple traumata to the head (microdamage) lead to:
- Devascularization of areas especially above the sphenoid bone
- And formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT)

Symptoms in most cases are similar to subcortical dementia

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7
Q

Symptoms of an acute encephalic injury

A
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Irritability
  • Worsening headache
  • Light and sound sensitivity
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Diplopia
  • Fatigue
  • LOC
  • Poor cognitive performance
  • Amnesia
  • Convulsion
  • Altered pupil reflex
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8
Q

How to prevent further complications?

A
  1. Seek medical care
  2. Rest your mind
  3. Rest your body
  4. Sleep
  5. avoir driving
  6. Avoid anti-inflammatory and strong pain medication
  7. Avoid stimulant substance
  8. Avoid a heavy diet
  • Avoid PA (HR over 10%)
  • Expect attention difficulties
  • Avoid blood thinners (risk of haemorrhage)
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9
Q

Oncotherapy-related neurological issues

A
  • DOC
  • Memory and attention deficits
  • Perceptual and reasoning deficits
  • Aphasia
  • Disbalance and involuntary movements
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10
Q

MCA and clinical correlates

A
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11
Q

ACA and clinical correlates

A
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12
Q

Upper motor neuron syndrome

A
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13
Q

Shoulder-hand syndrome

A
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14
Q

Perceptual disorders - Aphasia

A
  • Impairment of language, affecting the verbal communication, production and/or understanding of speech
  • Sometimes also impairing writing and reading
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15
Q

Perceptual disorders - Unilateral spatial neglect

A
  • Behavioural disorder
  • Deficit in space orientation, memory, attention, and representation
  • After an ischemic stroke of the MCA

Possible resulting issues:

  • Pusher syndrome
    > Patient pushes the whole body with the nonaffected side.
    > In all directions.
    > Increasing the strength when stopped.
  • Extinction syndrome
    Patient is unable to perceive inputs coming from the former affected side in a situation where both sides are being simultaneously stimulated
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16
Q

Precaution considering USN

A
  • Loss of balance in neglect (also related to pusher)
  • Loss of mobility on the affected upper limb related to positioning and non-use
  • Use of equipment that could lead to harm, like using a sharp knife or a stove for training ADL
  • Confronting the patient with a traumatic situation and/or symptomology, that he/she is not aware of, without using a reflexive approach
17
Q

Perceptual disorders - Dyspraxia

A
  • Disconnection syndromes
  • Loss of knowledge on motor procedures
  • Disregarding a sensorimotor impairment itself

(Main aspects of injuries that connect all patients:
- Diffuse brain damage
- Disruption of inter- and intracortical connectivity
- Low connectivity distributing processing)

18
Q

Disorders of consciousness

A

Classified as interaction of awareness