ACP Module 1 Test Flashcards
What is strength?
- Strength is the ability to do a maximal effort
- Measured with one rep max or ten rep max
- Improve with using high weight low reps
What is power?
- Power is a measurement of force produced over a specific time frame
- Ability to jump/sprint/throw
- Related to speed of activity
What is endurance?
- Endurance is the ability to repeat submaximal efforts
- Measured with repeated efforts to exhaustion
- Improve with low weights high reps
What is range of motion?
Range of motion is the degree to which a joint or body part can be stretched
What is an articulation?
An articulation is where two or more bones meet and have motion
Passive vs Active Movement
Passive: total range of motion and articulation can be moved without muscle action
- more ROM than active
Active: the total range of motion an articulation can be moved by active muscle action
Hypermobile vs Hypomobile
Hypermobile: flexibility above norm, can increase risk of injury, build strength
Hypomobile: flexibility below norm, can increase risk of injury, improve flexibility
What is nonfeasance? (Omission)
Nonfeasance is when someone does not do/act as expected or required
What is malfeasance? (Commission)
Malfeasance is when someone has acted beyond their ability or was necessary
What is misfeasance?
Misfeasance is improperly doing what was required
What is liability?
Liability is the legal responsibility for harm to another, all members of the sports medicine team
What is the standard of care?
The standard of care is when you are compared to others with similar backgrounds, training, and credentials
What are the four chambers of the heart and what do they do?
Left Ventricle: pumps blood to the body
Right Ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
Left Atrium: collects blood from the lungs
Right Atrium: collects blood from the body
What is a calorie?
A calorie is a unit of measurement for food energy
- The energy necessary to increase the temp of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
What are the three parts of negligence?
- Duty Exists- the defendant has responsibility for caring for the injury (based on the standard of care)
- Breach of Duty- did not act up to ability/training, acted beyond ability/training, your care/lack of is a direct cause of injury
- Resultant Damages Occured- injury occurred (physical/psychological), and the injury was caused by the breach of duty (causation)
What are the 5 body cavities and what organs are in them?
Cranial Cavity: the brain
Spinal Cavity: the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity: lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels
Abdominal Cavity: stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, spleen, and kidneys
Pelvic Cavity: bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
What is the percentage of oxygen found in the air and how much is removed by the lungs?
Percentage found in the air: 21%
Percentage of air removed by the lungs: 5%
What does a Kehr’s sign indicate?
Kehr’s sign indicates a spleen rupture. It is when the pain is referred to the shoulder/arm
What is the athlete’s responsibility in the sports medicine team?
The athletes’ responsibility is to focus on conditioning; cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nutritional. Furthermore, it is to follow the directions given to them by other members of the team. Lastly, to report problems.
How does the heart adapt to a training regimen?
The heart adapts to a training regimen by increasing cardiac output. The heart pumps more blood per contraction (higher stroke volume). You can increase cardiac output by making your muscles stronger, causing your ventricular walls to increase in thickness and strength to push blood. This causes your heart rate to decrease allowing for more blood to fill in the ventricles between contractions. Formula: CO=SVxHR.
What are the different types of stretching?
Dynamic: warm up and stretch muscles mimicking movements in sports or activity
Static: stretch and hold
Ballistic: bounce
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: stretch, resist, stretch
What are the signs and symptoms of heat stroke?
Signs/Symptoms-
Core temperature is extremely high (>104 degrees F)
Skin is hot, dry (or wet), and very red
CNS dysfunction- altered LOC, unconsciousness
Nausea/Vomiting
Severe dehydration
How to care-
Call EMS, severe condition
Remove from heat, cool immediately
Immerse in an ice bath
Manage head/airway
Monitor breathing and pulse
What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?
Signs/Symptoms-
Temperature near normal
Skin warm, cool, and wet
Dizziness, nausea, fatigue
Possible chills
Fatigue
Possible altered mental status
How to care-
Remove from heat (shade/climate-controlled room)
Cool body with water (wet towels, air-conditioned room, fan if needed)
Give fluids
May require a few days to recover from fatigue
What is the function of the diaphragm?
The function of the diaphragm is inspiration (contraction- increased volume/decreased pressure, air flows in to equalize pressure between cavities and atmospheric air) and expiration (relaxation- decreased volume/increased pressure). The diaphragm is the primary muscle used to create air pressure change for respiration. Located below pleural (lung) cavities and divides the thoracic and abdominal activities.
What are the different types of muscle contractions?
Isometric: muscle stays the same length, no joint movement, increased strength at the degree applied
Isotonic: same resistance/variable speed of action, joint movement occurs
Isokinetic: same speed/variable resistance, rehab
Eccentric: positive, muscle fibers shorten, causing movement
Concentric: negative, muscle fibers lengthen against resistance
What percentages and caloric values of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids does one need in their diet?
Carbohydrates: 45-65%, 4 cal/gm
Protein: 20-35%, 4 cal/gm
Fats: 10-35%, 9 cal/gm
What organs are found in the four different abdominal quadrants?
Upper Right: liver gallbladder, right kidney
Upper Left: spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney
Lower Right: appendix, intestines
Lower Left: intestines
What should the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, and fats be for a pre-event meal?
Emphasis on what is eaten in the previous 3-4 days
Minimum 3-4 hours prior
Carbohydrates: increase to >85%
Protein/Fats: decrease to <15%
What is McBurney’s point and what organ can be found there?
McBurney’s point is a common location for the base of the appendix. ⅓ the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus
Which member of the sports medicine team is responsible for the initial clearing of an athlete for activity?
The physician is responsible for the initial clearing of an athlete.
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
Red blood cells have a sickle shape causing less potential for carrying oxygen.
What is Bacterial Meningitis?
a bacterial infection that causes the inflammation of the meninges
What is Marfan’s syndrome?
a connective tissue disorder, that causes too much growth of the long bones
What is Tay Sachs disease?
an inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord
What is Huntington’s Disease?
chronic, inherited, incurable neurodegenerative disease that damages nerve cells in the brain
What is Hepatitis B?
a liver infection caused by HBV
What is a Staph Infection?
a bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacteria that lives on the skin
What is a Strep Infection?
a bacterial infection caused by group A streptococcus bacteria that can affect the throat, skin, or both
What is Tinea Cruris?
a contagious fungal infection that affects the groin area
What is Ringworm?
a ring-shaped rash caused by a fungal infection and a ring-like structure on a worm
List the three general reasons for the use of protective devices
Restrict Excessive ROM (taping/braces)
Reduce/Disperse Impact (helmets/pads)
Protect from the Environment (shoes/clothes)
What are the disease-causing pathogens?
The disease-causing pathogens are bacterial, viral, and fungal.
What are the four parts of a sports medicine team?
Athlete
Coach
Athletic trainer
Physician
What are the two types of braces?
Prophylactic: Prevention of injury/Reduction of severity
Functional: After injury
Describe how to properly ensure a football helmet is fitted correctly.
- No gaps anywhere around the head in particular the cheek pads and the back should cover the base of the skull
- Rest approximately 2 fingers from the bridge of the nose
- Ear holes should align with the external opening of the ears
- Facemask 3 fingers from the face
- Should not rotate, move front to back, or bottom out with pressure
- Chin straps should be equal distance from the center of the helmet on both sides
