Acids, Bases and Salts Flashcards
*does not include the different steps of salt preparation
what is an acid?
a substance that can donate a proton to another substance
what is a base?
a substance that can accept a proton from another substance
what are alkali?
soluble bases that produce hydroxides in water
what are some common strong and weak acids?
strong acids:
- hydrochloric acid
- sulfuric acid
- nitric acid
weak acids:
- phosphoric acid
- carbonic acid
- ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
what are some common strong and weak alkali?
strong alkali:
- sodium hydroxide
- potassium hydroxide
- calcium hydroxide (limewater)
weak alkali:
- aqueous ammonia (NH3)
definition of a strong acid?
acid that dissociates fully in solution to give protons
definition of a weak acid?
acid that dissociates partially in solution to give protons
definition of a strong base?
base that dissociates fully to give hydroxide ions
definition of a weak base?
base that dissociates partially to give hydroxide ions
what is the strength of an acid?
the extent of dissociation of the acid in solution
what is the concentration of an acid?
the number of moles per unit volume of acid initially put in the solution before dissociation takes place
what is the definition of pH?
negative logarithm to the base 10 of the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution in mol dm-3
colors of the universal indicator at 25 degrees celsius?
red: 0-2
orange: 3-4
yellow: 5-6
green: 7
blue-green: 8-10
blue: 11-12
violet: 13-14
chemical equation for the Haber Process?
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) <-> 2NH3 (g)
operating conditions for the Haber Process?
- high pressure of 250 atm
- temperature at 450 degrees celsius
- iron catalyst
- mole ratio of N2:H2 is 1:3
elements in which group give what type of oxides?
basic oxides: groups 1 and 2, groups of metal elements
acidic oxides: groups 14, 15 and 16, groups of non-metal elements
what makes amphoteric and neutral bases special?
- amphoteric bases react with both acid and bases but do not react with water
- neutral bases do not react with acids nor bases
chemical equation of silicon dioxide reacting with molten hot sodium hydroxide?
SiO2 (s) + molten NaOH (l) (350 degrees celsius)-> Na2SiO3 (l) + H2O (g)
chemical equation of aluminium oxide reacting with a base? (*)
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O -> 2NaAl(OH)4
chemical equation of aluminium oxide reacting with an acid?
Al2O3 + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
examples of amphoteric oxides?
- aluminium oxide
- lead(II) oxide
- zinc oxide
examples of neutral oxides?
- carbon monoxide (CO)
- water (H2O)
- nitric oxide (NO)
- nitrous oxide (N2O)
salts with what cations are always soluble in water?
- group 1 cation
- ammonium
salts with what anions are always soluble in water?
nitrate anion
halide (other than fluorine) salts are all soluble in water except for..?
- lead(II) halide
- silver halide
sulfate salts are all soluble in water except for..?
- calcium sulfate
- lead(II) sulfate
- barium sulfate
carbonate salts, oxides and hydroxides are all insoluble in water except for salts with..?
- group 1 cation
- ammonium
process of neutralization?
acid + base -> salt + water
process of acid-metal reaction?
metal + acid -> salt + hydrogen gas
process of acid-carbonate reaction?
carbonate + acid -> salt + water + carbon dioxide
what metals to avoid using for acid-metal reactions and why?
- group 1 metals as they react very violently
- copper, silver and gold metals as they are not reactive at all
process of acid-ammonia reaction?
acid + ammonia -> ammonium salt
chemical equation of an ammonium salt with a base?
ammonium salt + base (warm)-> salt + water + ammonia gas
