acids + bases

Question 1

what are acids?

Answer 1

proton donors

Question 2

what are bases?

Answer 2

proton acceptors

Question 3

what is the pH formula?

Answer 3

-log[h+]

Question 4

how much more acidic is a pH of 5 than 6?

Answer 4

10 times

Question 5

why do we accumulate h+ ions?

Answer 5

1.aerobic respiration (carbonic acid)
2.anaerobic respiration (lactic acid)
2.oxidation of fatty acids
3.oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids (sulfuric acid)

Question 6

what acts as a weak acid in the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 6

h2co3

Question 7

what acts as a weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 7

hco3-

Question 8

what acts as a weak base in the protein buffer system?

Answer 8

the amine group

Question 9

what acts as a weak acid in the protein buffer system?

Answer 9

the carboxyl group

Question 10

what is done when you have high levels of h+ in respiratory buffering?

Answer 10

buffer with bicarbonate
produce carbonic acid
hyperventilate (reaction moving left)

Question 11

what is done when you have low levels of h+ in respiratory buffering?

Answer 11

produce more carbonic acid
produce more free h+ ions
hyperventilate (reaction moving right)

Question 12

what is renal excretion h+ do?

Answer 12

actually gets rid of acids (moving h+ ions from blood to urine)

Question 13

what is hypercapnia?

Answer 13

pco2 over 45mmhg-hypoventilation

Question 14

what is hypocapnia?

Answer 14

pco2 less then 35mmhg-hyperventilation

Question 15

causes on hypercapnia?

Answer 15

emphysema, obesity, polio, brain damage, pulmonary edema

Question 16

causes of hyppocapnia?

Answer 16

anxiety and stress

Question 17

what is metabolic acidosis?

Answer 17

bicarb less then 22mEg/L

Question 18

what causes metabolic acidosis?

Answer 18

metabolism of sugars and fats, diarrhea, renal failure

Question 19

what is metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 19

bicarb above 26 mEg/L

Question 20

what causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 20

excess intake (rolaids), chronic vomiting

Question 21

what is a normal pH?

Answer 21

7.35-7.45

Question 22

what is a normal co2?

Answer 22

35-45mmhg

Question 23

what is a normal po2?

Answer 23

85-100mmhg

Question 24

what is a normal bicarb level (hco3)?

Answer 24

22-26mEg/L

Question 25

what are the steps to determine respiration or metabolic alkalosis or acidosis?

Answer 25

1. determine choices
2. look at pH to sort it out
3. (if that doesn’t help) look at o2
4. determine if there’s compensation (pco2 + hco3 are abnormal)
5. determine full or partial comp. (full-ph is normal partial-pH is abnormal)