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N5 Chemistry > Acids and bases > Flashcards

Acids and bases Flashcards

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1
Q

What can acids be neutralised by?

A

Metal hydroxides (alkalis)
Metal oxides
Metal carbonates

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2
Q

What is always produced during neutralisation?

A

A salt and water and a metal carbonate produces CO2(g) as well

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3
Q

What is a salt formed from?

A

Positive ion of the base and the negative ion of the acid

E.g.
SODIUM hydroxide + hydroCHLORIC acid —> sodium chloride + water

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4
Q

What can a titration be used for?

A

Calculate experimentally the concentration of an acid or alkali. At the end point the number of moles of the H+ ions must equal the number of moles of the OH- ions.

Number of acid moles = number of alkali moles

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5
Q

q
What do some acids / alkalis have more than one of?

Therefore…

A

H+/OH- ions

PVC acid = PVC alkali

P =number of H+ or OH- ions

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6
Q

Titrations are repeated until what…

A

Two results are concordant -they are within 0.2cm3 of eachother- an average of these Is then calculated to get the average titre

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7
Q

Chemical formula for hydrochloric acid?

A

HCl

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8
Q

Chemical formula for sulfuric acid?

A

H2SO4

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9
Q

Chemical formula for nitric acid?

A

HNO3

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10
Q

How can we check if a solution is an acid or alkali?

A

use universal indicator -universal indicator changes the colour of the solution depending wether or no it is an act or an alkali -

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11
Q

What pH range does acids have?

A

1-6
red/orange

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12
Q

pH of neutral

A

7
pale green

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13
Q

pH range of alkalis

A

8-14

green/blue

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14
Q

Definition of pH

A

pH is a number which indicates how acidic or alkaline a substance is

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15
Q

Strongest acid and alkaline pH

A

Acid:1
Alkaline:14

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16
Q

How are some common acids made

A

Some common acids are made by dissolving non metal oxides in water

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17
Q

What acids when dissolved in water in the atmosphere cause acid rain

A

Carbon oxide
Sulfur
Nitrogen

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18
Q

How are alkalis formed

A

by dissolving soluble metal oxides

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19
Q

What is the ionic formula of hydrochloric acid

A

H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

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20
Q

What is the ionic formula of sulphuric acid

A

2H+(aq) + S42-(aq)

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21
Q

What is the ionic formula of nitric acid

A

H+(aq)+NO3-(aq)

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22
Q

What will happen if water is added to an acid

A

the pH will increase

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23
Q

What will happen if water is added to an alkaline

A

the pH will decrease

24
Q

What is special about acidic solutions

A

all acidic solutions are ionic and thus they can conduct electricity when they dissolve in water

25
Q

What do all acids contain

A

H+ ions

26
Q

Give an example of what happens when the acid HCl (aq) dissolves in water

A

HCl(aq) —> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

27
Q

What is a reduction reaction

A

the gain of electrons (electrons will be on left side of arrow)

28
Q

What is an oxidation reaction

A

loss of electrons (electrons on the right side of the arrow)

29
Q

What is pH dependent on

A

pH is dependent on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution

30
Q

What does water do

A

water naturally slightly dissociates (dissociates means breaking up) into an equal amount of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

31
Q

Equation for the disassociation of water

A

H2O—> H+ + OH-

32
Q

Why does water dilute an acid

A

it increases the OH- to H+ ratio

33
Q

Why does water dilute an alkaline

A

It increases the H+ to OH- ratio

34
Q

Tell me what do acids have more of

A

acids are solutions containing a greater concentration of Hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

35
Q

Tell me what do alkaline have more of

A

alkaline are solutions containing a greater concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

36
Q

Tell me what does water have

A

water is a neutral solution containing an equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

37
Q

Properties of acids

A

all acids can be corrosive if they are concentrated enough meaning when they react with something they will break that substance up

the higher the concentration the more corrosive the acid is

38
Q

What are the affects of acid rain on buildings

A

corrodes stone on buildings such as limestone and marble
tarnishes glass, rubber and steel
destroys brickwork and statues

39
Q

What are the affects of acid rain on fish

A

it suffocates the fish
acid kills fish eggs due to the protecting skin being destroyed by acid
the young fail to live

40
Q

What are the affects of acid rain on iron structures

A

iron structures are corroded and the rate of reaction of rusting increases weakening the structures

41
Q

What are the affects of acid rain on trees

A

soil becomes infertile and sparse
lack of timber
three quarters of forests die as they are harmed by acid in the ozone
leafs fall off and weaken trees
trees get stunted
interrupts photosynthesis

42
Q

What are the main sources of acid rain?

A

power plants
combusting coal and oil omits the gas
cars, trucks and buses
decaying vegetation
volcanic eruptions as they release sulphur

43
Q

What is neutralisation

A

this is when one adds a base to an acid

this means that the amount of hydrogen ions decreases until the number of hydrogen ions is the same as in water

44
Q

What are the three bases

A

metal hydroxides (alkalis)
metal oxides (alkalis)
carbonates

45
Q

Show a neutralisation reaction formula

A

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) —->H2O(l)

46
Q

What is produced in a neutralisation reaction

A

When an acid is neutralised by an alkaline salt and water are formed and when neutralised by a carbonate salt and water and CO2 are formed

47
Q

How do we work out what salts are produced in a neutralisation reaction?

A

use first work of the alkali and then use the following for labelling acids
Hydrochloric acid - chloride
sulphuric acid - sulphate
nitric acid - nitrate
phosphoric acid - phosphate

48
Q

What are spectator ions

A

ions that are on both sides of the equation

49
Q

what can an alkaline be used for

A

It is possible to use an alkaline to help work out the exact concentration of an acid this procedure is called. titration an is a more accurate experiment than the one you have just carried out

50
Q

what does a reaction between a metal oxide and an acid produce

A

salt and water

51
Q

what does a reaction between a metal hydroxide and an acid produce

A

salt and water

52
Q

what does a reaction between a metal carbonate and an acid produce

A

salt, water and carbon dioxide

53
Q

what are the spectator ions in this equation -
N+Cl+Na+OH–>Na+Cl+H2O

A

Na+Cl

54
Q

what is a standard solution (titration)

A

a solution of accurately known concentration.

55
Q

what is an indicator used for (titration)

A

to show when the end point of the reaction has been reached.

56
Q

when are titre volumed deemed concordant

A

when the measurements are between 2cm^3.

N5 Chemistry (17 decks)

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