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Lab D > acid-base q > Flashcards

acid-base q Flashcards

1
Q

Why use arterial blood?

A

essential for assesment if respiratory functions

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2
Q

Why use a closed samplying method?

A

To avoid air contamination, which can give increased pO2 result

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3
Q

What are the effects of pC02 after contamination?

A

pCO2 may be decreased (shortly after sampling as CO2 evaporates into the air), or increased (in case of longer storage, produced by the metabolism of blood cells)

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4
Q

Why use ion equilibrated dry heparin?

A

normal heparin here can cause dilution error (of ion? donno)

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5
Q

Why take the body temp?

A

samples are analysed on standardized temperature 37°C. The solubility of gases is dependent on temperature, however, and the measured values need to be corrected to the temperature of patient.

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6
Q

What are the acid base parameters?

A 
pH
pCO2
HCO3-
ABE
TCO2
SBE
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7
Q

What are the effects of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis?

A 
ACIDOSIS:
 Kussmaul-type breathing 
Hypercalcaemia
Vomiting, depression 
 Hyperkalaemia
ALKALOSI:
Breathing-depression 
Muscle weakness – hypokalaemia
hypocalcaemia
Ammonia toxicosis
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8
Q

What kind of sample is taken for blood analysis?

A

Arterial samples are essential for assessment of respiratory function, but either venous or arterial samples can provide useful information on the metabolic status of the animal.

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9
Q

First step of acid base analysis?

A

Evaluate whether acidosis or alkalosis is present according to the pH!

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10
Q

Definition of acidosis?

A

an excessively acid condition of the body fluids or tissues.

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11
Q

Buffers/buffer systems (IC,EC,Vital,physiological)?

A

intracellular buffer: protein-proteinate

extracellular and generally: carbonic acid - bicarbonate

also use primary - secondary phosphate buffer

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12
Q

Metabolic parameters?

A

HCO3- and ABE and SBE

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13
Q

Function of buffer?

A

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base

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14
Q

What is ABE?

A

Actual base excess
Titratable acidity or basicity; the amount of acid or base
needed to equilibrate blood to pH: 7.4

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15
Q

Types/which ions are measured?

A

analyzers analyze pH, CO2, HCO3- and also ions: Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-.

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16
Q

Define PH?

A

pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

17
Q

What is cause of metabolic acidosis

A 
HCO3- loss
Incr acid intake
Incr acid prod
Cattle grain overdose
ion exchange Hypercalcaemia
18
Q

What is the effect of metabolic acidosis

A

KUssmaul breathing
Hypercalcaemia
Vomiting, depression
Hyperkalaemia

19
Q

How do you treat metabolic acidosis

A

Adequate ventilation.

PH lower than 7.2: infusion therapy with alkaline fluid

20
Q

What is cause of metabolic alkalosis

A 
Incr alkaline intake
Incr ruminate alkaline prod
Decr hepatic ammonia catabolism (liver failure)
Incr acid loss
Ion exchange hypokalaemia
21
Q

Effects of metabolic alkalosis

Treatment

A 
Breathing depression hypo ventilation 
Muscle weakness . Hypokalaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Ammonia toxics is
Arrhythmia

Treat electrolyte balance

22
Q

Cause of respiratory acidosis

A

Upper airway obstruction
Pleural cavity disease: pleural effusion, pneumothorax
Pulmonary disease: pneumonia, pulm, oedema
Depression of central control of resp. : drugs toxins
Neuromuscular depression of resp muscles
Muscle weakness even hypokAlaemia
Cardiopulmonary arrest

23
Q

Effects of resp acidosis

Treatment

A

Dyspnoea, cyanosis, suffocation, muscle weakness, tiredness

Assist ventilation: fresh air or o2 oxygen therapy
Treatment of cause: eg diuretic treatment in fluid accumulation in lungs, remove fluid from pleural space etc
Mildly sedating drugs to decr fear\ excitement

24
Q

Causes of resp alkalosis

A

Incr loss of cod; hyperventilating

  • excitation
  • forced ventilation (Anaesthesia)
  • epileptic seizures
  • fever, hyperthermia
  • interstitial lung disease
25
Q

Effects of resp alkalosis

A

Hyperoxia. Incr pCO2 : pO2ratio

Incr elimination of HCO3- by kidneys

26
Q

Treatment of resp alkalosis

A

Mild sedative drugs in case of hyperexcitaion

Incr pCO2 level by closing nostrils, pull paper bag on nose and breath som eminutes

27
Q

Blood gas analysis: hypoventilation causes

A

Upper airway obstructinion
Pleural effusion
Drugs or disorders affecting central control of resp
Neuromuscular disease affecting resp system
Overcompensation of metabolic alkalosis

28
Q

Effects of hypoventilation (blood gas )

A

Dyspnoea, cyanosis

29
Q

Treatment of hypoventilation

A

Assisting ventilation, assisted breathing, oxygen therapy
Diuretic treatment
Sedating treatment

30
Q

Causes of hyperventilation

A

Iatrogen forced ventilation during Anaesthesia
Seizures, epilepsy
Excitation
KUssmaul type breathing; compensation of seveefe metabolic acidosis

Lab D (3 decks)

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