Acid-Base Metabolism

Question 0

What comprises a buffer

Answer 0

Weak acid/base and it’s corresponding result

Question 1

System that can resist change in pH

Answer 1

Buffer

Question 2

4 buffer systems of clinical importance exist in the whole blood

Answer 2

Bicarbonate, protein, phosphate, hemoglobin

Question 3

Most important buffer system in plasma

Answer 3

Bicarbonate carbonic acid buffer system

Question 4

Which of the 4 types of buffers uses plasma proteins to minimize pH change

Answer 4

Protein buffer system

Question 5

Phosphate buffer system utilizes what (2) to minimize pH changes

Answer 5

HPO4 and H2PO4

Question 6

Most important intracellular buffer system

Answer 6

Hemoglobin buffer system

Question 7

Process to supply cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide at the same time

Answer 7

Respiration

Question 8

Pressure contributed by each gas to the total pressure exerted by the mixture

Answer 8

Partial pressure

Question 9

Academia occurs when blood pH is less than 7.___?

Answer 9

Less than 7.35

Question 10

Condition wherein the blood pH is greater than 7.45

Answer 10

Alkalemia

Question 11

Increased blood PCO2

Answer 11

Hyper apnea

Question 12

What is Hypocapnia

Answer 12

Decreased blood PCO2

Question 13

Unit for measuring PCO2

Answer 13

mm Hg

Question 14

Includes undissociated carbonic acid and carbon dioxide dissolved in blood

Answer 14

cdCO2

Question 15

Includes bicarbonate, carbamino-bound CO2, carbonic acid and dissolved CO2

Answer 15

Concentration of total carbon dioxide or ctCO2

Question 16

Two organs that regulate the pH of plasma

Answer 16

Lungs and kidneys

Question 17

Formula for Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 17

pH = pK’ + log((HCO3)/(H2CO3))

pH = pK’ + log((ctCO2)/(PCO2 * a)

Question 18

Value of a in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 18

0.03 mmol/L per mm Hg

Question 19

Average ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is..

Answer 19

20:1

Question 20

Reference range of arterial blood gas

Answer 20

7.35-7.45

Question 21

Reference range of ctCO2

Answer 21

22-26 mmol/L

Question 22

Reference range of pCO2

Answer 22

35-45 mmHg

Question 23

Acid base disorder that involves bicarbonate disorder

Answer 23

Metabolic

Question 24

Acid base disorder that primarily involve dissolved carbon dioxide concentration

Answer 24

Respiratory

Question 25

A decrease in bicarbonate concentration causing a decrease in the 20:1 ratio

Answer 25

Metabolic acidosis

Question 26

Usual causes of metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

Organic acid ingestion exceeds excretion rate, diabetic ketoacidosis, betahydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, poisoning sa such as salicylates, ethylene glycol, methyl alcohol. renal failure which reduces renal excretion

Question 27

Laboratory findings for metabolic acidosis

Answer 27

Bicarbonate: low Carbonic acid: high pH : low

Question 28

Laboratory findings in compensated metabolic acidosis

Answer 28

Bicarbonate low Carbonic acid: low pH : normal

Question 29

Primary Bicarbonate concentration increased causing an increase in the 20:1 ratio

Answer 29

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 30

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 30

Ingestion of excess base, decreased excretion of base, excess alkali, iv administration of bicarbonate, vomiting and more

Question 31

Laboratory findings in metabolic alkalosis

Answer 31

ctCO2 increased, PCO2 normal, pH increased

Question 32

Respiratory compensation mechanism in metabolic alkalosis

Answer 32

Hypo ventilation

Question 33

Lab findings in compensated metabolic alkalosis

Answer 33

pH : normal PCO2 : increased ctCO2 : increased

Question 34

Primary cdCO2 excess as an increase in PCO2 (Hypercapnia)

Answer 34

Respiratory acidosis

Question 35

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Answer 35

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, ingestion of narcotics, barbiturate s and severe infection of the CNS such as meningitis

Question 36

Laboratory findings in respiratory acidosis

Answer 36

ctCO2 : normal cdCO2 : increased pH : decreased

Question 37

Renal compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis

Answer 37

Increased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate

Question 38

Laboratory findings in compensatory respiratory acidosis

Answer 38

pH : normal ctCO2: increased cdCO2: increased

Question 39

Primary cdCO2 deficit expressed as a decrease in PCO2 (Hypocapnia)

Answer 39

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 40

Respiratory alkalosis may be caused by what conditions

Answer 40

Hypoxia, anxiety, nervousness, excessive crying, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, congestive heart failure and others

Question 41

Laboratory findings In respiratory alkalosis

Answer 41

ctCO2 : normal PCO2 : decreased pH: increased

Question 42

Renal compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis

Answer 42

Excretion of bicarbonate

Question 43

Lab findings of compensated respiratory alkalosis

Answer 43

ctCO2 : decreased PCO2 : decreased pH: normal

Question 44

True or false Oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin In a physically dissolved state

Answer 44

True

Question 45

3 factors that control oxygen transport

Answer 45

PO2, free diffusion of oxygen across the alveolar membrane, affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Question 46

What facilitates release of oxygen to tissues

Answer 46

Increase in H+ conc and PCO2 at the tissue level

Question 47

Under normal circumstance, what is the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen

Answer 47

95%

Question 48

When oxygen saturation falls below 95%, what is probably happening to the patient. A. Individual is not getting enough oxygen B. Individual does not have enough functional hemoglobin available C. All of the above D. None of the above

Answer 48

C all of the above

Question 49

The amount of functional hemoglobin available in the blood can be altered due to 2 conditions. State the conditions

Answer 49

Decreased red blood cells, presence of non functional hemoglobin

Question 50

Increased oxygen values are observed when

Answer 50

There is oxygen supplementation

Question 51

Causes include pulmonary diffusion, decreased alveolar space. Diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

Answer 51

Hypoxia