acid-base imbalance

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

potential or power of H
scale of acidicty/bascidity
H ion []
negative logarithm
high = basic (low H, accept H or give up OH)
low = acidic (high H, donate)

Question 2

strong acid

Answer 2

dissociate completely

Question 3

weak acid

Answer 3

dissociate partially

Question 4

normal bodily pH

Answer 4

7.35 - 7.45
serum
not same everywhere

Question 5

stomach pH

Answer 5

HCl
would cause damage outside of stomach
duodenum has defense mechanism to minimize
LES prevents esophageal entering
mucous cells secrete mucus and bicarb to neutralize

Question 6

hydrogen

Answer 6

component of cell membranes, enzyme activity, H2O and keeps body hydrated, E production
component of sugar, protein, starch, fat

Question 7

pH and bodily function

Answer 7

can function for short time outside of homeostatic range
<6.8 and >7.8 incompatible with life
enzymes function in narrow range
can cause electrolyte imbalances (Na, K, Cl)
can affect hormones
O2 transport and delivery -> oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve: acidic = hgb release, basic = hgb hang on (prefer acidic)

Question 8

volatile acids

Answer 8

convert to gas, excrete/eliminated by lungs, carbonic acid = H2CO3
H2CO3 = H2O + CO2

Question 9

non volatile acids

Answer 9

dont dissolve
lactic, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetoacetic, beta hydroxybutyric
eliminated by kidney (except lactic)

Question 10

skeletal muscle pH

Answer 10

6.9 - 7.2

Question 11

bone pH

Answer 11

7.4

Question 12

liver pH

Answer 12

7.2

Question 13

pleural fluid pH

Answer 13

7.6

Question 14

lactic acid

Answer 14

anaerobic metabolism
metabolized by liver and kidney
reconverted if O2 present in tissue, then used for E

Question 15

phosphoric acid

Answer 15

bones and kidney function, Ca

Question 16

sulfuric acid

Answer 16

protein metabolism

Question 17

acetoacetic acid

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

beta hydroxybutyric

Answer 18

increase with exercise, cal restriction, fasting, and ketoacidosis (dx DKA)

Question 19

cause of pH change

Answer 19

body produces more acids than bases: ingest in food/drink, met of lipids and protein, cell met waste = CO2 (volatile)
more difficult to correct alkaline -> avoid alkalosis esp if ill

Question 20

homeostasis

Answer 20

buffers: constant and immediate
resp: fast but short (min - hrs)
renal: last to action, long term, hours - days

Question 21

buffers

Answer 21

chm in body that combine with acid or base to change pH
accept or release H, almost instantaneous, short lived - not sustainable
3 main systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

Question 22

buffers: bicarbonate

Answer 22

carbonic acid buffer
CO2 is byproduct of cellular met, combine with H2O in serum to form carbonic acid, carbonic anhydrase breaks down into carbonic acid
lungs = H2O + CO2 (breathe out)
kidneys = H+ + HCO3- (kidneys excrete)

Question 23

buffers: phosphate

Answer 23

main intracellular -> cant measure

Question 24

buffers: protein

Answer 24

most proteins have buffer function
carboxyl (COOH) = weak acid -> give up H: amino acid, acetic acid
amino group (NH2-) -> accept H: amino acid have both, ammonia (NH3)
hgb picks up CO2 at cellular level -> more that is attached = less avail to create carbonic acid

Question 25

buffers - cellular compensation

Answer 25

cells like neutral charge H+ and K+, K+ is mostly inside acidic: H+ goes inside cell and K comes out (hyperK) temporary correction -> will reverse when pH normal again but if kidneys are working -> will excrete excess K

Question 26

respiratory compensation

Answer 26

body produces CO2, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (occurs in lungs, and H2CO3 found in blood), exhale to excrete H2CO3 (lungs are primary controller) doesnt affect fixed acids (non volatile) -> lactic body pH can be adjusted by changing rate and depth of breathing: acidic = deeper, alkalotic = shallow

Question 27

kidney compensation

Answer 27

adjust HCO3 (bicarb), harder to excrete than reabs (kidneys better with acidotic) eliminate large amounts of acid except carbonic, can also excrete base, can conserve (reabs) and produce new bicarb ions most effective -> if kidneys fail, pH balance fails acidosis: increase bicarb reabs, increase H excretion in urine alkalosis: decrease bicarb reabs, decrease H excretion in urine

Question 28

compensation

Answer 28

complete = return to normal partial = outside norm still but compensation occurring metabolic issue = hypervent or hypovent can lead to resp compensation resp issue = renal mechanisms can lead to metabolic compensation