Acid-base

Question 1

What is the equation for acid/base

Answer 1

H+ + HCO3- = H2CO2 = H2O +CO2

Water + carbon dioxide is equilibriated with carbonic acid which is equilibriated with bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Question 2

PH =

Answer 2

-log[H+]

Negative log of the concentration of protons

Question 3

Henderson Hasselbalch equation

Answer 3

PH = 6.1+log [[HCO3-] OVER // pCO2 x0.03]

hco3- = bicarb
pCO2 - partial pressure of CO2 in blood

Question 4

how long does it take to make bicarbonate

Answer 4

Days

Made by kidneys

Question 5

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Answer 5

Loop diuretics - extraction if H+ and Cl-

Losses with vomiting

Drugs

Question 6

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 6

Hyperchloraemia
Ketotic state
High lactate
Renal failure

Cyanide / carbon monoxide
Aminoglycasides
Theophylline

Methanol
Uraemia
Diabetes and ketosis (alcohol and starvation)
Paracetamol 
Isoniazid / iron/ inborn errors of metabolism 
Lactic acidosis 
Ethanol 
Salycilate

Question 7

Anion gap

And those main ions not included in equation (making the gap)

Answer 7

Na+ (+k+) - (hco3- + cl-)

8-16 is normal

Albumin
Lactate
Phosphate

Question 8

Raised anion gap means

Answer 8

Albumin
Lactate
Ketones
Phosphate

Have increased

And so Cl- is not causing this

Question 9

Normal anion gap

Answer 9

Chloride or hco3- are the cause of the acidosis

Question 10

Stewart theory

Answer 10

…

Three steps

Question 11

Sodium bicarbonate action

Answer 11

Alkalises plasma

Question 12

Why do you get a metabolic acidosis in renal failure

Answer 12

Loss of bicarbonate
Other toxins not being excreted
- phosphate
- sulfate

Question 13

Downsides of giving bicarbonate

Answer 13

Turns to CO2

Need to be able to blow off co2