Acid-Base

Question 1

A/B disorder that predisposes to cardiac arrhytmias, pulmonary congestion, bone calcium loss

Answer 1

Met. acidosis

Question 2

A/B disorder that predisposes to decreased ionized calcium –> hypocalcemia symptoms

Answer 2

Resp. alkalosis

Question 3

A/B disorder that predisposes patient to transient increase in ICP, headache, hypertension

Answer 3

Resp. acidosis

Question 4

normal ABG of pCO2

Answer 4

35-45

Question 5

normal ABG of HCO3

Answer 5

22-26

Question 6

Normal sodium

Answer 6

135-145

Question 7

Normal chloride

Answer 7

96-109

Question 8

Normal potassium

Answer 8

3.5-5

Question 9

Normal total CO2

Answer 9

23-30

Question 10

Ratio of [HCO3] to [CO2] > 20 indicates

Answer 10

increase in pH (more basic)

Question 11

Ratio of [HCO3] to [CO2] < 20 indicates

Answer 11

decrease in pH (more acidic)

Question 12

[CO2] = pCO2 * z

what is z?

Answer 12

z = 0.0301

equation to find [CO2] in mmol/L from pCO2

Question 13

What is the chief determinant of pCO2

Answer 13

respiratory-neural drive system

pCO2 is not regulated by CO2 production rates

Question 14

Regulation of HCO3 is done by

Answer 14

renal system

Question 15

HCO3 is mainly reabsorbed by

Answer 15

proximal tubule

Question 16

Lactic acidosis is secondary to

Answer 16

poor tissue perfusion or aerobic disorders

Question 17

normal AG acidosis =

Answer 17

hyperchloremic acidoss

Question 18

ketoacidosis is secondary to

Answer 18

incr. FA metab
alcoholic ketoacidosis
starvation

Question 19

Clinical effect: kussmaul breathing

Answer 19

metabolic acidosis

respiratory compensation –> increase in ventilation, increase in tidal volume

Question 20

Clinical effect: supraventricular and ventricular arrhytmia

Answer 20

metabolic alkalosis

Question 21

Clinical effect: systemic vasodilation, cerebral vasodilation –> increased ICP –> pseudomotorcerebri

Answer 21

respiratory acidosis

Question 22

Clinical effect: Chvostek’s sign

Answer 22

respiratory alkalosis

facial muscle spasm elicited by facial nerve tap (at parotid)

Question 23

Clinical effect: Trousseau’s sign

Answer 23

respiratory alkalosis

carpal spasm occurs when upper arm is compressed

Question 24

Clinical effect:headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion

Answer 24

metabolic acidosis

Question 25

Clinical effect:acute cases presents with anxiety, dyspnea, confusion, hallucinations, coma

Answer 25

respiratory acidosis

Question 26

Clinical effect:decreased ventilation

Answer 26

metabolic alkalosis

Question 27

Clinical effect:decreased myocardial contractility, arrhythmias

Answer 27

metabolic acidosis

Question 28

Clinical effect:panic, sense of impending doom, weakness

Answer 28

respiratory alkalosis

Question 29

Clinical effect:increased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Answer 29

metabolic acidosis

Question 30

Clinical effect: dyspnea or tachypnea with tremors, sleep disturbances, asterixis

Answer 30

respiratory acidosis

Question 31

Clinical effect: paresthesia in hands and feet

Answer 31

respiratory alkalosis

Question 32

Clinical effect: decreased calcium, hyper irritabiltiy

Answer 32

metabolic acidosis

Question 33

Clinical effect: chronic cases can cause sleep disturbances, memory loss, myclonic jerks, tremors

Answer 33

respiratory acidosis

Question 34

Liddle's syndrome causes

Answer 34

metabolic alkaosis hereditary hypokalemia and hypertension

Question 35

Stage of metabolic alkalosis featuring loss of acid

Answer 35

generative stage

Question 36

Stage of metabolic alkalosis where the kidneys fail to compensate because of: ``` volume contraction OR low GFR OR depleted K+/Cl- ions OR hypoaldosteronism ```

Answer 36

maintenance stage

Question 37

In what type of metabolic acidosis is treatment with alkali withheld?

Answer 37

Pure anion gap acidosis due to metabolizable organic acid anion. Treat underlying problem. If the problem is excess bicarb excretion in kidneys, then supplemental bicarb therapy is appropriate.

Question 38

Renal artery stenosis can cause

Answer 38

metabolic alkalosis

Question 39

Drug used to treat metabolic alkalosis

Answer 39

acetazolamide

Question 40

Caused by inadequate elimination of CO2: severe pulmonary disease, respiratory muscle fatigue, neuromuscular diseases like Guillain-Barre Syndrome, myasthenia gravis

Answer 40

respiratory acidosis

Question 41

Caused by a strong ventilatory stimulus. CO2 output exceeds metabolic production.

Answer 41

respiratory alkalosis

Question 42

Cushing's can cause

Answer 42

metabolic alkalosis