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nur 406: exam 1 (cv, abg, acid-base) > acid-base > Flashcards

acid-base Flashcards

1
Q

pH and [H+]

A

inversely related

increase [H+], decrease pH (acidotic) - donate H+
decrease [H+], increase pH (alkalotic) - accept H+, give up OH-

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2
Q

strong acids vs. weak acids

A

strong: dissociate completely in soln
weak: dissociate partially

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3
Q

hydrogen functions

A

maintain cell membranes
helps with enzyme activity
component of H2O and keeps body hydrated
helps in energy production

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4
Q

hydrogen is a component of

A

sugars, proteins, starch, fats

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5
Q

where is the most acidic place in the body? why?

A

stomach bc HCl acid

*if HCl out of stomach - major damage
*duodenum has defense mechanisms to neutralize acid
*LES prevents movement of gastric acid into esophagus

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6
Q

what does acid-base balance affect?

A

electrolytes (Na, K, Cl)
hormones
oxygen transport and delivery

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7
Q

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

measures Hgb O2 saturation % (Y axis) to O2 partial pressure mmHg (x axis)

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8
Q

the human body can function for a short period of time out of what pH range before it becomes incompatible with life? survivable range?

A

pH < 6.8 or > 7.8 –> incompatible

7.2 -7.5 –> survivable

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9
Q

2 types of acids in the body

A

volatile and non-volatile acids

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10
Q

volatile acids

A

can be converted to gas
excreted by lungs

*carbonic acid (H2CO3)
*CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3

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11
Q

non-volatile acids

A

cannot be converted to gas
excreted by kidneys
*phosphoric acid
*sulfuric acid
*acetoacetic acid
*beta-hydroxybutyric acid

*LACTIC ACID metabolized by body (liver + kidney)

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12
Q

buffers

A

chemicals in body that combine with acid or base to change pH
accept or release a H+
almost instantaneous, but short-lived

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13
Q

3 main buffer systems

A
  1. bicarbonate - carbonic acid buffer
  2. phosphate buffer
  3. protein buffers (Hgb)
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14
Q

bicarbonate

A

main ECF buffer
byproduct of cellular metabolism
combines with H2O = carbonic acid

in lungs: H2O + CO2
in kidneys: H + HCO3

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15
Q

what breaks down carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase
^in many tissues of the body (esp. lungs+kidneys)

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16
Q

lungs

A

H2O + CO2

17
Q

kindeys

A

H + HCO3

18
Q

phosphate buffer

A

main ICF buffer

19
Q

protein buffers

A
  1. carboxyl group (COOH) - weak acid, gives up H+
    *amino acid
    *acetic acid
  2. amino group (NH2) - accept H+
    *amino acids: carboxyl + amino group
    *ammonia (NH3)
  3. Hgb: picks up CO2 at cellular level
20
Q

when H+ concentration increases…

A

pH decreases (acidic)
H+ moves INTO cells
more + charged ions IN cell
K+ moves OUT of cell
^electrical neutrality is restored inside cell

21
Q

respiratory mechanisms

A

body produces CO2
CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid
exhaling excretes carbonic acid
^doesnt affect non-volatile acids (lactic acid)

22
Q

how can the body pH be adjusted?

A

changing rate and depth of breathing

acidotic: increase rate/depth to blow off more CO2
alkalotic: decrease rate/depth to hold onto CO2

23
Q

kidney excretion

A

can eliminate large amounts of acid (NOT carbonic acid)
can excrete bicarbonate
can conserve/produce bicarb ions
if kidneys fail, pH balance fails - depends on normal functions of renal system (because aren’t excreting H+ or base)

24
Q

what is the most effective regulator of pH

A

kidneys

25
Q

rates of correction

A

buffer: instantaneously
respiratory mechanisms: several minutes to hours
renal mechanisms: hours to days

26
Q

respiratory compensation

A

if underlying problem is METABOLIC, hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help

27
Q

metabolic compensation

A

if underlying problem is RESPIRATORY, renal mechanisms can bring about met compensation

28
Q

patho of acidosis: disturbed to homeostasis

A

disturbed
decrease pH/acidosis
stimulates brain and arterial receptors
increase RR
decrease CO2
decrease H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
increase pH
restored

29
Q

patho of alkalosis: disturbed to homeostasis

A

disturbed
increase pH/acidosis
stimulates brain and arterial receptors
decrease RR
increase CO2
increase H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
decrease pH
restored

30
Q

hyperventilation vs. hypoventilation

A

lungs are primary controller of H2CO3 –> CO2 is carried in blood to lungs –> in lungs, mixes with H2O and forms carbonic acid

hyper = CO2 blown off (increases pH)
hypo = CO2 retained (decreases pH)

31
Q

blood buffer system responds in

A

seconds

32
Q

lungs are primary controller of

A

H2CO3 - carbonic acid

CO2 carried from blood to lungs, then mixed with H2O to form carbonic acid

33
Q

kidneys are primary controller of

A

HCO3 - bicarbonate

adjust the amount of bicarb that is:
*reabsorbed in bloodstream
*excreted in urine

34
Q

if blood is too acidic, kidneys will…
if blood is too alkaline, kidneys will…

A

acid: reabsorb bicarb
alkaline: excrete bicarb

nur 406: exam 1 (cv, abg, acid-base) (6 decks)

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