Acid-base Flashcards
Ion
A chemical compound that has a negative or positive charge acation is positively charged, and an anion is negatively charged
Hydrogen ion
When an acid is mixed with water, it does associates into a negatively charged ion and a hydrogen ion a hydrogen ion is a hydrogen atom that has lost one electron, so only the nucleus, and it’s single proton remain
Acid
A chemical compound that dissociate to a hydrogen ion and a negatively charged ion mixed with water
Base
A chemical compound that dissociate into hydrogen ions and a positively charged ion when mixed with water
PH scale
A linear scale from 0 to 14 that is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration
What are two buffering systems?
The lungs and kidneys
It only takes________ for chemical buffers in the blood to make adjustments to pH
Takes only seconds
The respiratory tract can adjust the blood pH_____ play fun by exhaling CO2 from the body
Upwards in minutes
The renal system can adjust blood pH through the expression of hydrogen ions and the conservation of bio carbonate but this process________
Hours to days to have an effect
Bio carbonate buffer
Active an extra cellular fluid ECF, an intracellular fluid ICF
Acidosis (metabolic and respiratory) symptoms are indicative of
Depression of the central nervous system CNS
Alkalosis(metabolic and respiratory)
Symptoms are indicative of increased stimulation of the central nervous system CNS
Hyperventilation
Blow out CO2
Hypoventilation
Retain CO2
An acid
A substance that contains hydrogen ions, which can be released
Base
Substance that can accept hydrogen ions
What laboratory test we used to determine acid base balance in our patients
Arterial blood gases (ABG)
Metabolic
Changes brought about by systemic alterations(cellular level)
Respiratory
Changes brought about by respiratory alterations
What is acidosis?
Acidosis is when the pH falls below 7.35.
You will see either an increase in blood carbonic acid, or a decrease in bicarbonate
What is alkalosis?
It causes the pH to be greater than 7.45.
You will see either an increase in bio carbonate or decrease in carbonic acid
Respiratory acidosis
Retention of CO2, which causes the blood to become acidic
The buildup of CO2 in the blood is caused by Bradypena (slow respirations)
The response is slow
Azzzzzidosis 😴😴😴
What’s respiratory alkalosis
Problems with the alveolar sack. Gas exchange happens in that location.
Increases exhaling of CO2
The PH level rises above, 7.45.
It causes hyperventilation
Problem = excess blowing off of CO2
Result= decreasing carbonic acid and increase in HCO3
Response: kidneys, excrete, excess bio carbonate
What is metabolic acidosis?
It is too much acid buildup
Causes are high, and Norm anion gap
Renal failure and kidney issues can cause this
Hyperventilation occur as the body tries to rid itself of CO2. The patient will be weak, confused, you will notice cardiac changes, as well as nausea and vomiting.(renal failure, diarrhea.)
What is metabolic alkalosis?
Bio carbonate excess
Most common causes are vomiting, gastric suctionin (NG tube)
Abuse of antacids
The issues too much base
The response, the lungs, compensate by hypoventilating
Goal is to increase acid level in the blood
What are causes of respiratory acidosis?
Head injuries
Oversedation
Obstructive, pulmonary disease
Atelectasis: total or partial lung collapse
Thoracic trauma
Myasthenia gravis
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation
CNS infection
salicylate poisoning
Pulmonary emboli
Heart failure
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Starvation
Shock, resulting in lactic acidosis
Severe diarrhea
Renal failure
Salicylate poisoning
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Diuretic therapy
Prolonged nasogastric suctioning
Excessive vomiting
Prolonged steroid therapy
Excessive intake of bicarbonate
Hypokalemia
Patients at risk
> pulmonary, renal, CV disease
fever, sepsis, burns
TPN, tube feedings
mechanical ventilation
diabetes (insulin-dependent)
vomiting, diarrhea, enteric drainage
elderly (limited ability to compensate)
Respiratory acidosis (breathing)
Variable, usually shallow/rapid
Respiratory alkalosis
Increased rate, depth
Metabolic acidosis
“Air hunger” deep/rapid (kussmauls) resp
Is a kidney problem where there is too much hydrogen and two little bicarb (HCO3)
Salicylate poisoning
Vomiting,Tinnitus (ringing in ear), confusion, hyperthermia, respiratory, alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and multiple organ failure
What does the skin look like with respiratory acidosis?
The skin will be pale to cyanotic
What will the skin look like during metabolic acidosis?
Warm, dry, pink
Kussmaul breathing
Slow and deep
What does fontanels are sunken mean
Dehydrated
Respiratory acidosis signs and symptoms
Low blood pressure
Low respiration rate
High heart rate
Restlessness
Confusion
Headache
Sleepy /coma
Respiratory alkalosis signs and symptoms
Respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute
High heart rate
Confused and tired
Tetany (involuntary muscle spasms)
EKG changes
(+) chvostek’s sign (twitching of the facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve in response to hypocalcemia)
Metabolic acidosis signs and symptoms
High respiratory rate
Hyperkalemia (muscle twitching, weakness, arrhythmias)
Low blood pressure
Confusing
Causes:
Severe diarrhea
Malnutrition
Diabetic keto acidosis
Acute/chronic kidney injury
Metabolic alkalosis signs and symptoms
Low respiratory rate
Low potassium
Dysrhythmias
Muscle cramps/weakness
Vomiting
Tetany (involuntary muscle spasms)
Tremors
EKG changes
Causes: too many antacids
Diuretics
Excessive vomiting
Hyperaldosteronism
Metabolic alkalosis
Kidney problem there’s too much bicarb (HCO3) into a little hydrogen
How do the lungs compensate during metabolic acidosis?
The lungs will blow off CO2
How are the lengths compensate during metabolic alkalosis?
The lungs will retain CO2
Respiratory acidosis
Lung problem: the lungs are retaining too much carbon dioxide(CO2)
Respiratory alkalosis
Lung problem: the lungs are losing too much carbon dioxide(CO2)
How do the kid needs compensate during respiratory acidosis?
The kidneys, compensate by excreting excess hydrogen and retaining bicarb(HCO3)
How do the kidneys compensate during respiratory alkalosis?
The kidneys excrete excess bicarb (HCO3) and retain hydrogen
