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Pharm Block 4 Mod 2 ABG's > Acid and Base 2 > Flashcards

Acid and Base 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s ways of maintaining Acid-Base Homeostasis

A
  1. Buffers
  2. Respiratory system
  3. Renal system (long-term)
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2
Q

Buffers

A

Chemicals in the body that combine with acid or base to change pH

  • Accept or release an H+
  • Almost instantaneous
  • Short-lived
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3
Q

3 Main Buffer Systems

A
  1. Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid buffer
  2. Phosphate Buffer
  3. Protein Buffers
    - Hemoglobin
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4
Q

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

A

ECF location (main ECF buffer)

CO2 byproduct of cellular metabolism

Combines with H2O in serum to form Carbonic Acid

Carbonic Anhydrase breaks down Carbonic acid
-Carbonic anhydrase in many tissues of the body esp. the LUNGS

In Lungs: H2O+CO2

In Kidneys: H+ + HCO3 (bicarbonate)

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5
Q

CO2 is an?

A

ACID

-will push Bicarb-Carbonic Acid equation to the left, toward Bicarb

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6
Q

Carbonic Acid Equation

A

(Kidneys) H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H2O + CO2 (lungs)

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7
Q

Phosphate Buffer

A

Main Intracellular buffer

Hydrogen + Hydrogen phosphate = Dihydrogen phosphate ion

(Don’t memorize)

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8
Q

Protein Buffers

A

Nearly all proteins can function as buffers

  1. Carboxyl group (COOH) is a weak acid that give up H+
    - Amino acid
    - Acetic acid
  2. Amino group (NH2-) accept H+
    - Amino acids have both carboxyl group and amino group
    - Ammonia NH3
  3. Hemoglobin is considered this group
    - Picks up CO2 at cellular level
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9
Q

Cellular Compensation

A

Cells like to have neutral electrical charge

H+ is positively charged
K+ is positively charged, mostly on inside of cell

When body is in acidic state (extra H+ ions) these ions can move into the cell to balance, causing K+ to move outside cell to balance charge.

Can lead to Hyperkalemia

  • Healthy kidneys can excrete excess K+
  • If not&raquo_space; Dysrhythmias

Once pH returns to normal H+ ions will move back out of cells and into blood and K+ will move back into cell. As long as the kidneys haven’t excreted too much potassium.

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10
Q

Buffers make?

A

Tiny continuous changes to body’s pH, short-lived

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11
Q

Respiratory mechanisms work?

A

Faster slightly longer changes to body’s pH

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12
Q

Respiratory mechanisms

A

Body produces CO2

CO2 and H2O create Carbonic Acid
H2CO3=H2O + CO2

Exhalation creates carbonic acid

Doesn’t affect FIXED ACIDS (NON-VOLATILE) like lactic acid

Body pH can be adjusted by changing rate and depth of breathing

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13
Q

Respiratory mechanisms explained

A
  1. Body makes CO2
  2. Carbon Dioxide mixes with water creating Carbonic Acid.
  3. Once Carbonic acid reaches the lungs it is broken back down into carbon dioxide + water and EXHALED
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14
Q

If body is Acidotic, Excess CO2, the body can do what to bring down pH?

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing to expel CO2

the opposite is true of alkalotic (decrease rate + depth)

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15
Q

Kidney excretion

A

Can eliminate large amounts of acid EXCEPT carbonic acid

Can also excrete BASE

Can conserve and produce Bicarb ions

Most effective regulator of pH

If kidneys fail, pH balance fails

pH balance DEPENDS on normal functioning of renal system

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16
Q

Rates of Correction

A

Buffers function almost instantaneously

Respiratory mechanisms take several minutes to hours

Renal mechanisms may take several hours to days (longest lasting effects)

17
Q

Acidosis pH

A

< 7.35

18
Q

Alkalosis pH

A

> 7.45

19
Q

The bodies response to acid-base imbalance is called?

A

Compensation

-may be COMPLETE if brought back within normal limits or PARTIAL COMPENSATION if range is still outside norms

20
Q

Compensation

A

If underlying problem is METABOLIC, hyperventilation or hypoventilation can help (RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION)

If problem is RESPIRATORY, renal mechanisms can bring about METABOLIC COMPENSATION

21
Q

Respiratory control of pH

A
  • Blood buffer system responds in seconds!

- Respiratory buffers, minutes to hours

22
Q

Hyperventilation

A

CO2 blown off (INC pH)

23
Q

Hypoventilation

A

CO2 retained (DEC pH)

24
Q

Renal control of pH

A

Kidneys control by adjusting amount of HCO3 (Bicarb) that is..

  1. Reabsorbed into blood stream
  2. Excreted in urine
25
Q

If blood is acidic, kidneys will do what?

A

Reabsorb Bicarb (into blood)

26
Q

If blood is alkaline, kidneys will do what?

A

Excrete bicarb (into urine)

27
Q

What organ is the main supply of base (HCO3)?

A

Kidneys

28
Q

Normal Values of ABG

A 
pH: 7.35-7.45
CO2: 35-45
pO2: 80-100
HCO3: 22-26
O2 sat: 95-100%

Pharm Block 4 Mod 2 ABG's (4 decks)

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