ACHALASIA Flashcards
what type of muscle is the esophagus made up of?
outer longitudinal muscle layer and inner circular muscle layer
what do circular muscle fibers allow?
peristalsis
what is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus predominantly?
skeletal muscles
what is the lower 2/3 of the esophagus mostly?
smooth muscles become more dominant from the middle to the distal esophagus
where is the auerbach plexus located?
between the circular muscle layer and the longitudinal muscle layer in the lower esophagus, stomach, and intestines
what is the auerbach plexus responsible for?
responsible for the peristaltic movement of the bowels
can the auerbach plexus act independently from the CNS?
YES
does the auerbach plexus fail in achalasia?
yessss
what is the epidemiology of achalasia?
rare, neurogenic esophageal motility disorder
25-60 y/o
male=female
what are the 2 pathological features of achalasia?
- failed relaxation in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) during swallowing (MAJOR)
- impaired peristalsis in the lower 2/3 of the esophagus (minor)
what are the 2 causes of achalasia?
- degeneration of myenteric plexus ganglia in the lower esophagus
- viral and autoimmune factors are suspected; appear there is a genetic predisposition (familial cases)
what are the 3 complications of achalasia?
- aspiration pneumonia
- megaesophagus in 10% of cases -> increase in size affects the transport of food
- increased risk of esophageal cancer -> food stasis, bacterial overgrowth, and chronic inflammation
what is the cause of primary achalasia?
no known cause
what is the cause of secondary achalasia?
d/t disease that causes esophageal abnormalities
what is the number one cause of secondary achalasia?
malignancy (esophageal, gastric, or other extra-esophageal cancers) by mass effect
what are the 4 other causes of achalasia other than malignancy?
- chagas disease
- infiltrative disorders: amyloidosis, sarcoidosis
- eosinophilic esophagitis
- MEN 2B