Accident catagories

Question 1

what are accidents / incidents according to ICAO Annex 13?

Answer 1

Accident:
- fatality or serious injured(fractured bone, hospitalized 48h+
- damage or structural failure (exept engine fail/damage)
- aircraft missing, inaccessible
incident:
- occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

Question 2

What accident categories are there?

Answer 2

• CFIT !
• LOC-I !
• MAC !
• RE (RWY excursion) !
• RI
• BIRD
• RAMP
• …

Question 3

What are the characteristics of the main accident types?

Answer 3

LOC-I: loss of control, crew unable to handle until it is too late
- causes: bad weather, crew error, unsufficient training, Aircraft malfunction
- mitigation: training of aircraft systems, recognize precursors, head up guidance
RE: rear off or overrun of the RWY surface (most frequent type for hull losses)
- causes: weather, contaminated RWY, crew performance (unstable approach, communication), unsufficient training
- mitigation: training to recognize unstable approach, de-contaminated RWYs, lower cockpit hierachy, systems ROW, ROP
CFIT: in-flight collision or near collision with terrain, water, obstacles w/o indication of loss of control
- causes: weather (visability), crew performance(fatigue stress, lack of sit. awareness), insufficient regulatory oversight
- mitigation: EGPWS(enhanced ground proximity warning sys.), regulatory oversight
MAC: collision of aircrafts in flight
causes: traffic density, Aircraft ATC sys. malfunction (sensors, nav. sys), crew (lack of awareness, communication, failure to react to warning)
- mitigation: improve safety culture, Datalink controller-pilot, warning to pilot if transponder/ACAS not available