Accessibility Fundamentals - Disabilities, Guidelines, and Laws Flashcards
Why must all content be presented in text or via a text equivalent?
Screen readers cannot read non-text content (e.g., images) directly, but they can read alt text that you provide.
Why must all functionality be available using only the keyboard?
Even though most blind users can physically use a mouse or trackpad, it doesn’t do them much good because they can’t see where the mouse pointer is. It is more effective for them to navigate by the keyboard.
Why must the content use markup with good structure and semantics (headings, landmarks, tables, lists, etc.)?
Screen reader users often pull up lists of headings, landmarks, and other semantic elements to help them understand what is on the page. They can also navigate by these elements (e.g., jump directly to the main content landmark, or to a specific heading).
Why must all custom controls have the correct name/label, role (either with HTML or with ARIA), and value, and must change value when appropriate?
Unlike native HTML elements, custom controls have no semantic parts natively, so screen readers can’t tell users what the widget is and can’t update users on the properties of the widget unless you supply that information via ARIA names, roles, states, and properties.
Why must a video require an audio description?
Users who are blind can hear the dialog, narration, and other sounds in videos, but they can’t see the visual parts of a video. So, if the visual parts convey important information, those parts will need to be described out loud for blind users to understand them.
Why must all features on a mobile device require a click?
When a blind screen reader user is on a mobile device, swipe actions are used by the screen reading software. All features (controls, widgets) on a mobile web page require a click action to work at all.
Why must the pinch-to-zoom feature not be disabled?
When zooming is disabled on a web page, which the parameter “user-scalable=no” does, low vision users who use screen magnifiers to read content may be unable to properly see information on a web page.
Why must all text pass contrast guidelines against the background?
Some users who have low vision may see in low contrast. So, text, borders, and other elements may appear as the same or similar shades of brightness to them. Textual elements that are too close in brightness to background colors may be extremely difficult to read for these users.
Why must all links, buttons, and controls have a visible :focus and :hover state?
Some low vision users may use a keyboard or a mouse, or both, as input methods. Having visible :focus and :hover states helps users to know where the keyboard/mouse focus is on a web page. The default browser :focus state is acceptable per the WCAG guidelines, but users with low vision benefit greatly from enhanced CSS :focus and :hover states.
Why must a user interface provide clear visual distinction between content and controls?
Users who may see in low contrast may have difficulty distinguishing whether controls are actionable on a web page because these elements may blend together with surrounding text and background colors.
What is the most common form of color blindness?
The most common form of color-blindness is red-green color-blindness, which makes it hard to distinguish between reds, oranges, and greens.
Why must all information be understandable without needing to distinguish between colors?
When colors alone are the only methods being used to communicate important information on a web page, people who are colorblind may miss that information altogether. In addition to color, consider using text and symbols as means to convey information.
Why must all videos have captions?
Without captions, people who are deaf may miss critical information communicated through dialog and narration and may miss important sounds that give meaning to the video.
Why must all audio-only content have transcripts?
Transcripts are necessary to convey all of the information being communicated by audio, including dialogue (and identifying speakers), narration, musical cues, and sound effects.
Why is sign language interpretation of videos a useful complement to captions and transcripts?
There are some people who are deaf whose primary means of communication is sign language. For this group, sign language interpretation may be preferred over captions and transcripts.
Why must a transcript be provided for audio and video content for deafblindness?
Transcripts are the only way a person who is deafblind will be able to access all of the information communicated in audio and video formats. Some modern Braille readers have the ability to display video captions, but it can be challenging to read the Braille characters as quickly as the captions are displayed, so transcripts are still the best option for deafblind users.
Why must all functionality be available using only the keyboard?
For sighted keyboard users or those who use devices that emulate keyboards, everything that can be done on a web page with a mouse should be able to be done using only a keyboard. People with motor disabilities may not have the fine motor skills required to use a mouse.
Why must you warn users before the time expires (e.g. an accessible dialog or alert), and give them the option to extend the session?
People who have motor disabilities need more time to enter information into a web page. So, it is important that they are given sufficient time and options to extend time limits.
Why must you provide large click targets (links, buttons, controls) for users who have movements that are difficult to control?
People who may have tremors or spasms need to be able to activate targets on a web page. Increasing the target area for these users can help maximize their chances of accurately selecting the target on the web page.
This speech disability affects the fluency of speech sounds. Words or parts of words may be involuntarily repeated, speech sounds may be prolonged, or speech sounds may be stopped or blocked completely.
Stuttering.
This speech disability consists of rapid speech that may be inconsistent in rhythm and lack syntax, or grammar. Speech may be clear at first, but it increases at a quick rate. Slurred speech may also occur.
Cluttering.
This speech disability occurs when a person has difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words. It may take a person several attempts to say the correct word.
Apraxia.
This speech disability occurs due to brain damage. The muscles for speech production are impaired, causing slurred speech, slow speech, mumbling, or a voice that may sound hoarse or breathy.
Dysarthria.
This motor speech disability is a speech sound disorder that involves the difficulty in physically producing speech sounds. As a result, certain speech sounds may be either omitted or added, substituted for other sounds, or sound distorted.
Articulation disorders.
