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Paper 2 english > accents and dialect > Flashcards

accents and dialect Flashcards

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3
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What is accent variation?

A

Variation in pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region.

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4
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What is code switching?

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When speakers who speak two or more different languages switch from one to the other, often in mid conversation. Can also refer to switching between dialects of the same accent.

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5
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What is convergence?

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When two accents or dialects stop being different and become more similar.

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6
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What is covert prestige?

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The less obvious or hidden prestige associated with the use of certain non-standard varieties of a language within particular social groups.

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7
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What is descriptivism?

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An approach to language study that focuses on how language is actually used.

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8
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What is dialect?

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Variation in words and grammatical structures associated with a particular geographical region.

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9
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What is dialect levelling?

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The process by which language forms of different parts of the country converge and become more similar over time, with the loss of regional features and reduced diversity of language.

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10
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What is a diphthong?

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A vowel sound where there is a noticeable sound change within the syllable. Also known as a long vowel e.g. /ai/ in eye.

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11
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What is divergence?

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When the differences between two accents or dialects become increasingly different.

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12
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What is Estuary English?

A

Accent spreading outwards, along the Thames, from London containing features of both RP and London speech.

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13
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What is eye dialect?

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The deliberate use of misspellings to identify a speaker who is using a regional or non-standard form of English. So called because we see rather than hear the difference.

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14
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What are heterophones?

A

Words with the same spelling but a different meaning and sound.

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15
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What are homophones?

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Words with the same sound but a different meaning and spelling.

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16
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What are idiomatic phrases?

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A phrase which has an accepted and known meaning that is different from the dictionary definition of the word. E.g. he’s part of the furniture now; you’ve hit the nail on the head.

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17
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What is an idiolect?

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Variation in language use which is specific to a particular person.

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18
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What is a lexical set?

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A group of words which have the same vowel sound in a given variety of English.

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19
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What is a monopthong?

A

A single vowel sound e.g /i:/ in read.

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20
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What is multiple negation?

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A sentence or utterance containing more than one negative.

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21
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What is non-standard English?

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Not conforming to the recognised way of speaking or writing.

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22
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What is overt prestige?

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The obvious prestige associated with the use of the standard variety of a language within a particular society. Connected to notions of speaking ‘properly’.

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23
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What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest individual unit of sound in a language which conveys meaning.

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24
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What is phonetics?

A

The study of how speech sounds are made and received.

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25
What is phonology?
The study of the sound systems of languages, in particular the patterns of sounds.
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What is plural marking?
The method of making a singular noun into its plural form.
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What is postvocalic /r/?
The /r/ sound that appears after a vowel and before a consonant e.g. farm, or at the end of a word e.g. far. It is not pronounced in most English accents.
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What is prescriptivism?
An approach to language study that focuses on rules and notions of correctness.
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What are prosodics?
Non-verbal aspects of speech like pace, stress, pitch, intonation and volume.
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What is Queen’s English?
Received pronunciation; how the Queen, and other members of the ruling classes, stereotypically speak.
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What is received pronunciation?
An English accent which does not indicate a person’s geographical location, rather is recognised as belonging to a person with a higher social status.
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What is register?
The situation or context in which a discourse event takes place which motivates the speaker or writer to adopt a particular register.
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What is a rhotic accent?
An accent which pronounces postvocalic /r/.
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What is social mobility?
A phrase used to describe a person’s move from one social class to another.
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What is standard English?
The form of the English language widely accepted as the correct form of speaking and writing.
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What is th-fronting?
Pronunciation of ‘th’ as /f/ or /v/. e.g. ‘think’ becomes ‘fink’ and ‘with’ becomes ‘wiv’.
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What is unmarked plurality?
When a singular form of a noun is used rather than a plural.
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Who is Carmen Llamas?
Created Sense Relation Networks (SRNs). This draws upon the idea that within the mind there exists a network of interconnected words and phrases. Used to explore patterns of lexical variations across regions.
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What did Dixon, Mahoney and Cocks (2002) study?
Used a ‘matched guise’ approach to explore the correlation between accent and perceived guilt. Suspects were perceived to be significantly more likely to be guilty when they spoke with the non-standard Birmingham form.
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What did Gerard Van Herk (2012) say about covert prestige?
The use of covert prestige is ‘the linguistic equivalent of street credibility’.
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What is Howard Giles' accommodation theory?
The idea that people have different levels of formality of language at their disposal, and will converge or diverge their language depending on their situation.
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What did Howard Giles (1975) investigate?
Investigated RP and Birmingham accent. The same speaker used two different accents to discuss psychology. The RP ‘speaker’ was rated higher in terms of competence and intelligence.
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What did Jonathon Harrington (2000) track?
Tracked changes in the Queen's speech over a thirty year period. Certain aspects of her speech have moved towards a more general southern British English variety, rather than RP.
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What did Paul Kerswill (1999) study?
Studied dialect levelling in Hull, Reading and Milton Keynes. The more people mix in different networks, the more people move in from elsewhere and the more scope there is for social mobility can have an impact on language used.
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What did Peter Trudgill (1974) study?
Studied the –ng sound at the end of words in Norwich. Found the –g was dropped more widely in lower social classes.
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What did Thomas Pear (1931) find?
People had different perceptions of a speaker depending on the accent that they had heard them speak with.
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What did William Labov (1960’s) study?
Martha’s Vineyard: The locals resisted dialect levelling due to ‘summer people’, claiming their identity as residents. Divergence was used to mark the change.
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What did William Labov (1966) study?
Studied the procononantal /r/ in New York City department stores. Found that the lower middle class were most susceptible to overt prestige.
49
What is the pronunciation of 'city' in Norwich?
In words such as ‘city’ the final sound is pronounced /i:/.
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What is the pronunciation of 'city' in Liverpool?
In words such as ‘city’ the final sound is pronounced /i:/.
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What is the vowel sound in 'dance' and 'bath' in Norwich?
In words such as ‘dance’ and ‘bath’ the vowel sound is /ɑ:/.
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What is the vowel sound in 'dance' and 'bath' in Liverpool?
In words such as ‘dance’ and ‘bath’ the vowel sound is /æ/.
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What is the distinction between 'put' and 'putt' in Norwich?
The [ʊ] and /v/ sounds are both present and distinguish between words like ‘put’ and ‘putt’.
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What is the distinction between 'put' and 'putt' in Liverpool?
There is no distinction between words like ‘put’ and ‘putt’. Both are pronounced /pʊt/ as there is no /v/ vowel.
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What is the vowel sound in 'room' in Norwich?
In words such as ‘room’ the vowel sound is /ʊ/ rather than /u:/.
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What is the contrast between 'fair' and 'fir' in Liverpool?
There is no contrast between pairs of words like ‘fair’ and ‘fir’ which are usually pronounced with the vowel sound /eə/.
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What is the pronunciation of 'city' in the West Midlands?
In words such as ‘city’ the final sound is pronounced /i:/ although sometimes a diphthong is used, such as /eɪ/.
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What is the vowel sound in 'dance' and 'bath' in the West Midlands?
In words such as ‘dance’ and ‘bath’ the vowel sound is /æ/.
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What is the distinction between 'put' and 'putt' in the West Midlands?
There is no distinction between words like ‘put’ and ‘putt’. Both are pronounced /pʊt/.
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What is the distinction between 'one' and 'won' in the West Midlands?
‘One’ and ‘won’ are distinguished as /wɒn/ and /wʊn/.
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What is the pronunciation of 'make' and 'take' in Bradford?
Words such as ‘make’ and ‘take’ are pronounced /mɛk/ and /tɛk/.

Paper 2 english (4 decks)

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