Accelerating melting

Question 1

What’s the effect of adding ~0.4wt% sodium sulfate?

Answer 1

~ accelerates melting

Question 2

What is the effect of sulfate additions?

Answer 2

~ sulfate eutectic liquid with carbonates forms at lower temperatures

~ sulfate additions LOWERE VISCOSITY, and improve the wetting of liquid to solid particles, facilitating reaction

Question 3

What happens at higher temperatures?

Answer 3

~ SO3 release aids CO2 release in stirring the batch

Question 4

What is the downside to SO3 release?

Answer 4

~ sulfur oxide is driven off in flue gases as a pollutant or forms an unwanted flux on refractory structures

~ at higher concentrations, can form a phase-separated liquid at the surface of the melt (SALT WATER GALL)

Question 5

What is a salt water gall?

Answer 5

~ at high concentrations of SO3, it will form a phase separated liquid at the surface of the melt

Question 6

What is cullet?

Answer 6

~ glass scrap or recycled glass during production

~ makes up 1/3 to 1/2 of the batch

~ with cullet, the batch melts down more rapidly, LESS ENERGY NEEDED to go into batch rxns