ACA Midterm Flashcards
Apnea
absence of spontaneous respirations
Asthma
aka reactive airway disease; small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or collapse of the lung at any age
Bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated pulmonary infections and/or bronchial obstructions
Bronchitis
inflammation of the large airways
Bronchophony
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken word
Bronchovesicular breath sounds
typically moderate in intensity; heard over major bronchi
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/descendo sequence of breathing; often assoc w dying
Chronic bronchitis
large airway inflammation that is usually a result of chronic irritation exposure; more commonly a problem for pt older than 40 y
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Cor pulmonale
an acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure
Cough
a sudden spasmodic expiration forcing a sudden opening of the glottis
Crackles
“abnormal lung sounds, more often heard on inspiration; characterized by discrete& discontinuous sounds; also called rales late inspiratory crackles –interstitial lung disease (ie pulm fibrosis) Early insp –"”coarse””; sometimes assoc w expiratory crackles–can be from chronic bronchitis and asthma Midinsp and expiratory –heard in bronchiectasis, but not exclusively
Croup
a syndrome that generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents, particularly the parainfluenza viruses; occurs most often in children between 1.5-3 years
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancrea, and sweat glands
Diaphragmatic hernia
an abnormal opening in the diaphram
Egophony
“increased intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal quality; ““ee”” to ““A”” sound–seen in lobar consolidation from pneumonia”
Emphysema
disease in which the lungs lose elasticity and the alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function
Empyema
collection of purulent exudative fluid in the pleural space
Epiglottitis
acute life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissue
Friction rub
dry, crankly, grating, low-pitched sound that occurs outside the respiratory tree
Hamman sign
mediastinal crunch; consists of a variety of sounds, including loud crackles and clinking or gurgling sounds; associated with mediastinal emphysema (pneumomediastinum)
Hemothorax
presence of blood in pleural cavity
Influenza
a viral infection of the lung
Kussmaul breathing
deep and usually rapid respirations; associate with metabolic acidosis
Lung abscess
a well-defined circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis
Pectoriloquy
a whisper that can be clearly heard through the stethoscope; associated with consolidation of lungs
Pleural effusion
presence of excessive non-purulent fluid in the pleural space
Pleurisy
inflammation process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which become edematous and fibrous
Pneumonia
inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent, which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral
Pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Pulmonary embolism
occlusion of the pulmonary arteries; relatively common condition that is very difficult to diagnose
Respiratory distress syndrome
a condition that develops in preterm infants as a result of surfactant deficiency
Rhonchi
sonorous wheezes; suggest secretions in the larger airways
Stridor
high-pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration; demands immediate attention d/t partial obstruction of larynx or trachea
Tracheomalacia
“a ““floppiness”” or lack of rigidity of the trachea or airway”
Tuberculosis
chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may have widespread systemic manifestations
Vesicular breath sounds
low-pitched, low-intensity sounds over healthy tissue
Vocal resonance
sound of the spoken word as transmitted through the lung fields; usually muffled and indistinct in quality
Wheeze
continuous, high-pitched musical sound; almost a whistle heard of inspiration and expiration
-causes of wheezes throughout chest include asthma, chronic bronchitis, COPD, heart failure
Bulging fontanel
condition of the fontanel that may indicate increased intracranial pressure
Craniosynostosis
a condition that results from the premature closing of sutures before brain growth is complete; leads to mishapen skull
Chloasma
“facial discoloration common during pregnancy; ““mask of pregnancy”””
Encephalocele
a neural tube defect characterized by the protrusion of nervous system tissue through a defect in the skull
Facies
general appearance of the face, head, and neck that is characteristic of a specific condition
Graves Disease
an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overproduction of thyroid-stimulating hormone; characterized by exophthalamia (bulging eyes)
Hashimoto disease
an autoimmune condition characterized by the production of antibodies against the thyroid gland, usually leading to hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism
underactivity of thyroid; more common
Hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid
Macewen
sign associated with increased intracranial pressure after fontanels are closed
Percussion along the suture between the parietal and temporal bones. An unusually resonant sign indicates hydrocephalus and increases ICP
Mastoid fontanel
a third (abnormal) fontanel; common in Down Syndrome
Microcephaly
condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal; associated w mental retardation
Molding
an abnormal shaping of the infant’s head cause by the shifting and over-lapping of bones during vagina delivery
Myxedema
skin and tissue disorder usually caused by severe prolonged hypothyroidism; characterized by mucinous edema of face
Ossification
bone tissue formation; begins in sutures after brain growth is complete
Salivary gland tumor
growth or mass in any of the salivary glands, but most commonly occuring in the parotid gland
Sternocleidomastoid
referring to the area extending from upper sternum to the mastoid process
Thyroglossal duct cyst
a palpable cystic mass in the neck
Thyroid
largest endocrine gland
Tic
a spasmodic contraction of the face, head, or neck
Torticollis
a condition in which the nect is twisted (aka wry neck); often the result of birth trauma or intrauterine malposition; aquired torticollis may be caused by tumor, trauma, palsy of cranial nerve IV, muscle spasm, infection or drug ingestion
Transillumination
procedure used to evaluate suspected intracranial or increasing head circumference in infants
Webbing
excessive posterior cervial skin
Anisocoria
unequal pupillary size
Cataracts
opacity of the eye lens; most commonly resulting from the denaturation of lens protein caused by aging
Confrontation
test of estimating peripheral vision
Chorioretinal inflammation
inflammation process involving both the choroid and the retina; most common caused by laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy
Cornea
part of the eye that is optically clear, has rich sensory innervation, and is avascular
Corneal ulcer
a disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma; associated with connective tissue disease
Diabetic retinopath (background)
Condition characterized by dot hermorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)
condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor
Ectropion
lower eyelid turned away from the eye
Entropion
eyelid turned inward
Episcleritis
inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscles
Exopthalmos
increase in the volume in the orbital content, causing protrusion of the globes forward; most common cause is Graves Disease
Glaucoma
disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing a characteristic appearance of the optic nerve (increased cupping)
Hemanopia
defective vision in half of the visual field
Hordeolum
a sty caused by staphyoccal organism
Horner Syndrome
interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to the eye, resulting in the triad of ipsilateral miosis, mild pitosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating
Hypertelorism
eyes widely spaced apart
Lens
a biconvex, transparent structure located immediately behind the iris
