ACA Code Flashcards
The Counseling Relationship
Primary Responsibility of the Couselor
Respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients
The Counseling Relationship
How do we create and maintain documents
Documents should accurately reflect a clients progress and as amendments are made to documentation they must be properly noted according to agency and institutional guidelines.
The Counseling Relationship
Creating Counseling Plans
Counselors and clients work together to create plans that offer reasonable promise of success and are consistent with the clients developmental level, abilities, temperament, and circumstances of the client. They will regularly review the plans to assure continued viability and effectiveness while respecting the clients freedom of choice.
The Counseling Relationship
Client Welfare - Support Network Involvement
Counselors will consider enlisting the support and understanding of others as positive resources when appropriate and with the client’s permission.
The Counseling Relationship
Informed Consent in the Counseling Relationship - choice
Clients have the freedom to choose to enter into or remain in a counseling relationship. Counselors have the obligation to review verbally and in writing the rights and responsibilities of counselors and clients. Informed consent is ongoing and should be revisited throughout the relationship.
The Counseling Relationship
Informed Consent - Types of Information Needed 12 things
- The purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks and benefits of services
- Counselors qualifications, credentials, relevant experience and approach
- Continuation of services upon incapacitation or death
- The role of technology
- The implications of diagnosis
- The intended use of tests and reports
- Fees and billing
- Procedures for non-payment of fees
- Limits of confidentiality including how supervisors, treatment and/or interdisciplinary teams are involved
- Their rights to obtain clear information about their records
- Their rights to participate in ongoing counseling plans
- Their right to refuse services or modality changes and to be advised of the consequences of such refusal
The Counseling Relationship
Developmental and Cultural Sensitivity in Informed Consent
Counselors communicate information in ways that are culturally and developmentally appropriate. They use clear and understandable language. If the client has trouble understanding the language the counselor uses, the counselor will provide the necessary services. Counselors will adjust their informed consent according to cultural needs
The Counseling Relationship
Informed Consent - Inability to Give Consent
When clients are unable to provide consent, counselors will obtain assent from the client and include them in decision making as appropriate. Counselors must balance the ethical rights of clients, their capacity to give consent and the parental or familial rights and responsibilities to protect the client and make decision on their behalf
The Counseling Relationship
Informed Consent - Mandated Clients
Counselors discuss the required limitations to confidentiality when working with mandated clients. They explain the type of information and with whom they must share it prior to beginning counseling. If the client refuses service the counselor must do their best to discuss the consequences of refusing services
The Counseling Relationship
Clients Served by Others
If a client is in a professional relationship with other mental health professionals, they will get a release from the client to inform the other professional and establish a collaborative relationship.
The Counseling Relationship
Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values - Avoiding Harm
Counselors avoid harming clients, trainees and research participants and try to minimize or remedy unavoidable or unanticipated harm
The Counseling Relationship
Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values - Personal Values
Counselors are aware of and avoid imposing their own values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.
The Counseling Relationship
Prohibited Roles and Relationships - Sexual or Romantic Relationships
Sexual or romantic relationships with current clients, their romantic partners, or their family members are prohibited
The Counseling Relationship
Prohibited Roles and Relationships - Previous sexual or romantic relationships
Counselors are prohibited from engaging in counseling relationships with persons they have had a previous romantic or sexual relationship with
The Counseling Relationship
Prohibited Roles and Relationships - Sexual or Romantic Relationships with former clients
Are prohibited for a period of five years after the last professional contact. This extends to the client, their romantic partners or family members. Counselors must demonstrate forethought and document in writing if the interaction can be viewed as exploitive or if there is potential to harm the former client in any way.
The Counseling Relationship
Prohibited Roles and Relationships - Friends or Family Members
Counselors are prohibited from engaging in counseling relationships with friends and family members with whom they have the inability to remain objective.
The Counseling Relationship
Prohibited Roles and Relationships - Personal virtual relationships with current clients
Counselors are prohibited from having a virtual relationship (social media etc) with someone they have a current counseling relationship with.
The Counseling Relationship
Managing and Maintaining boundaries and Relationships - Previous Relationships
Counselors must take appropriate precautions when accepting clients that they have previous relationships with including consultation, supervision, and documentation. This includes mutual or past membership in the same organization or community, as well as causal or distant relationships.
The Counseling Relationship
Managing and Maintaining boundaries and Relationships - Extending Counseling Boundries
Counselors must consider the risks when extending the counseling relationship including addending a clients formal ceremony, purchasing a product or service, visiting a client’s ill family member. Appropriate precautions must be taken to ensure that no harm occurs.
The Counseling Relationship
Managing and Maintaining boundaries and Relationships - Documenting Boundary Extensions
Extended boundaries must be documented prior to the interaction (when feasible). Must document the rational, the potential benefit and anticipated consequences. If harm occurs the counselor must show evidence of an attempt to remedy the harm.
The Counseling Relationship
Managing and Maintaining boundaries and Relationships - Role Changes-(Individual to Family or evaluator to therapeutic etc.)
When a role changes the counselor provides informed consent and explains the clients right to refuse services related to the change. Clients must be fully informed of the anticipated consequences of the change.
The Counseling Relationship
Managing and Maintaining boundaries and Relationships - Nonprofessional Interactions or Relationships
Counselors avoid nonprofessional relationships with former clients, their romantic partners or their family members when the relationship is potentially harmful to the former client both in-person or electronic
The Counseling Relationship
Roles and Relationships at Individual, Group, Institutional and Societal Levels - Advocacy
When appropriate, counselors advocate at individual, group, institutional and societal levels to address potential barriers that inhibit the growth and development of clients
The Counseling Relationship
Roles and Relationships at Individual, Group, Institutional and Societal Levels - Confidentiality and Advocacy
Counselors obtain client consent before engaging in advocacy efforts on behalf of an identifiable client
The Counseling Relationship
Roles and Relationships at Individual, Group, Institutional and Societal Levels - Multiple Clients
When a counselor provides services to people with a relationship the counselor will clarify at the outset which person or persons are the client and the nature of the relationship the counselor will have with each. The counselor will adjust or withdraw from roles if needed
The Counseling Relationship
Group work - Screening
Counselors screen potential group members to ensure the needs and goals are compatible with the group and that they will not impede the group nor will their well-being be jeopardized by participating in the group.
The Counseling Relationship
Group work - Protecting Clients
Counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical, emotional or psychological trauma
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Self-Referral
Counselors that work in an organization setting do not refer clients to their private practice unless the policies of the organization have specific provisions for self-referrals. They must be informed of other options should they seek private counseling services
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Unacceptable Business Practices
Counselors do not participate in fee splitting not do they receive commissions, rebates or any form of remuneration for referrals
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Establishing Fees
Counselors consider the financial status of clients and locality. If the usual fee creates a hardship the counselor may adjust fees where legal or assist the client in finding comparable affordable services
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Non-payment of fees
If the counselor is using a professional collection company they need to include that information in the informed consent, inform the client in a timely fashion of intended action and give them the opportunity to make payment.
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Bartering
Counselors may barter only if it does not result in exploitation or harm if the client request it. They must consider the cultural implications and document such agreements in a clear written contract
The Counseling Relationship
Fees and Business Practices - Receiving gifts
Counselors recognize that in some cultures small gifts are a sign of respect. They must consider monetary value, clients motivation for giving, and the counselor’s motivation for accepting or declining the gift
The Counseling Relationship
Termination and Referral - Inability to provide professional assistance
If counselors lack competence to be of professional assistance to clients they avoid entering into or continuing the relationship. They will refer appropriately and if the client declines they will end the relationship
The Counseling Relationship
Termination and Referral - Values within Termination and Referral
Counselors will refrain from referring based on their own personal held values and beliefs.
The Counseling Relationship
Termination and Referral - 5 Appropriate Termination Reasons
- It is apparent that the client no longer needs assistance
- not likely to benefit
- is being harmed.
- They are in danger of being harmed by the client or another person the client has a relationship with
- When clients do not pay agreed upon fees.
Counselors provide pretermination counseling and recommend other providers as needed
The Counseling Relationship
Termination and Referral - Appropriate transfer of services
When clients are transferred or referred the counselor ensure that proper clinical and administrative processes are completed and open communication is maintained.
The Counseling Relationship
Termination and Referral - Abandonment and Client Neglect
Counselors do not abandon or neglect clients. They make appropriate arrangements for the continuation of treatment when necessary during interruptions like vacations, illnesses and following termination.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Respecting Clients Rights - Multicultural/Diversity Considerations
Counselors respect differing views toward disclosure of information. Counselors hold ongoing conversations with clients as to how, when and with whom information is shared.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Respecting Clients Rights - Respect for privacy
Counselors respect the privacy of clients and only request private information when it is beneficial
Confidentiality and Privacy
Respecting Clients Rights - Respect for Confidentiality
Counselors will disclose information only with appropriate consent or with sound legal or ethical justification
Confidentiality and Privacy
Respecting Clients Rights - Explanation of Limitations
At initiation and throughout the counseling relationship, counselors inform clients about the limitations of confidentiality and seek to identify situations in which confidentiality must be breeched.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Exceptions - Serious and Forceable Harm and Legal Requirements
Confidentiality does not apply when disclosure is required to protect clients or identified other from harm or when legal requirements demand that information must be revealed. When in doubt, counselors consult with other professionals
Confidentiality and Privacy
Exceptions - Confidentiality Regarding End-of-Life Decisions
Counselors who are providing services to terminally ill individuals who are considering hastening their own death have the option to maintain confidentiality depending on applicable laws and specific circumstances after seeking consultation or supervision from appropriate professional and legal parties.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Exceptions - Contagious, Life-Threatening Diseases
Counselors may be justified in disclosing that a client has a contagious life-threatening disease to identifiable third-parties who may be in danger of contracting the disease. Prior to making the disclosure they must assess the intent of the clients to inform the third parties about their disease or engage in behaviors that may be harmful to identifiable third parties. They must adhere to relevant state laws about disclosing disease status.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Exceptions - Court ordered disclosure
When ordered by a court to release confidential or private information without a client’s permission, counselors seek to obtain written, informed consent from the client or take steps to prohibit the disclosure or have it limited as narrowly as possible
Confidentiality and Privacy
Exceptions - Minimal Disclosure
Clients are informed before confidential information is disclosed and are involved in the disclosure decision making. Only essential information is revealed
Confidentiality and Privacy
Information Shared with Others - Subordinates
Privacy and confidentiality must be maintained by subordinates including employees, supervisees, students, clerical assistants and volunteers
Confidentiality and Privacy
Information Shared with Others - Interdisciplinary Teams
Clients will be informed of the teams existence and composition, the information being shared and the purpose of sharing such information
Confidentiality and Privacy
Where is Information Shared with Others
Counselors discuss confidential information only when they can reasonable ensure client privacy
Confidentiality and Privacy
Information Shared with Others - Third-Party Payers
Counselors disclose information to third-party payers only when authorized by clients
Confidentiality and Privacy
Information Shared with Others - Transmitting Confidential Information
Counselors take precautions to ensure the confidentiality of all information transmitted through the use of any medium
Confidentiality and Privacy
Information Shared with Others - Deceased Clients
Counselors protect the confidentiality of deceased clients, consistent with legal requirements and the documented preferences of the client
Confidentiality and Privacy
Groups and Families - Group work
Counselors clearly explain the importance of confidentiality for the group
Confidentiality and Privacy
Groups and Families - Couples and Family Counseling
Counselors clearly define who is the client and discuss the expectations and limitations of confidentiality. In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the couple or family is considered the client
Confidentiality and Privacy
Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent - Responsibility to Clients
Counselors protect the confidentially of information received from clients who are unable to give consent as specified by law and ethical standards
Confidentiality and Privacy
Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent - Responsibility to Parents and Legal Guardians
Counselors inform parents and legal guardians about the role of the counselor and the confidential nature of the counseling relationship. Counselors are sensitive to cultural diversity and respect the right and responsibilities of parents/guardians regarding the welfare of their children/charges. Counselors establish appropriate, collaborative relationships with parents and guardians to best serve clients
Confidentiality and Privacy
Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent - Release of Confidential Information
When counseling minors or dependent adults, counselors seek the permission from an appropriate third party to disclose information. Counselors will inform clients consistent with their level of understanding and take appropriate measure to safeguard client confidentiality.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Creating and maintaining Records and Documentation
Counselors create and maintain records and documentation necessary for rendering professional services
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Confidentiality of Records and Documentation
Counselors ensure that records and documentation kept in any medium are secure and that only authorized persons have access to them
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Permission to Record
Counselors obtain permission from clients prior to recording sessions
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Permission to Observe
Counselors obtain permission from clients prior to allowing any person to observe counseling sessions, review transcripts of sessions, or view recordings of sessions with supervisors, faculty, peers or others within the training environment.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Client Access
Counselors provide reasonable access to records and copies of records when requested by competent clients. They limit access when there is compelling evidence that access would cause harm to the client. Counselors document the request of the client and the rationale for withholding records. In situations involving multiple clients, counselors provide individuals only information that pertains to them.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Assistance with Records
Counselors provide assistance in interpreting counseling records.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Disclosure or Transfer
Unless an exception exists, counselors obtain written permission from clients to disclose or transfer records to legitimate third parties. Steps are taken to ensure that receivers are sensitive to confidentiality
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Storage and Disposal After Termination
Counselors store records to ensure reasonable future access in accordance with federal and state laws. They dispose of sensitive material in a manner that protects client confidentiality. Counselors apply careful discretion when destroying records that may be needed by a court of law.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Records and Documentation - Reasonable Precautions
Counselors take reasonable precautions to protect the confidentiality of client records in the event of termination of practice, and counselor incapacity or death and they will appoint a records custodian as appropriate.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Case Consultation - Respect for Privacy
Information shared in a consulting relationship is discussed for professional purposes only. Only pertinent data is shared and every effort is made to protect identity and avoid invasion of privacy.
Confidentiality and Privacy
Case Consultation - Disclosure of Confidential Information
When consulting, counselors do not disclose information that could lead to the identification of client or organization with whom they have a confidential relationship with unless they have prior consent
Professional Responsibility
Knowledge of and Compliance With Standards
Counselors are responsible for reading, understanding and following the ACA Code of Ethics and adhere to applicable laws and regulations
Confidentiality and Privacy
Professional Competence - Boundaries of Competence
Counselors only practice within the boundaries of their competence. Counselors gain multicultural counseling competency by working with a diverse client population
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - New Specialty Areas of Practice
Counselors practice in speciality areas new to them only after education, training, and supervised experienced. . While developing new skills they take steps to ensure the competence of their work and protect others from harm
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Qualified for Employment
Counselors accept employment only for positions that they are qualified for and they only hire people who are qualified and competent for the position
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Monitor Effectiveness
Counselors constantly monitor their effectiveness and take steps to improve when necessary. They also take steps to seek peer supervision to evaluate their efficacy as counselors
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Consultations on Ethical Obligations
Counselors take steps to consult with other counselors when they have questions regarding their ethical obligations or professional practice
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Continuing Education
Counselors maintain their competence in the skills they use, are open to new procedures, and remain informed regarding best practices for working with diverse populations
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Impairment
Counselors monitor themselves for signs of impairment from their own mental, physical, or emotional problems and refrain from offering or providing services when impaired. Counselors help each other recognize their own impairment-and provide assistance when warranted
Professional Responsibility
Professional Competence - Counselor Incapacitation, Death, Retirement, or Termination of Practice
Counselors prepare a plan for the transfer of clients and the dissemination of records to an identified colleague or records custodian in the case of the counselor’s incapacitation, death, retirement or termination of practice
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Accurate Advertising
When advertising, counselors identify their credentials in an accurate manner
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Testimonials
Counselors who use testimonials do not solicit them from current clients, former clients, or any other persons who may be vulnerable to undo influence. Counselors discuss with clients the implications and obtain permission to use any testimonials.
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Statements by Others
Counselors make every effort, when possible, to ensure that what is said about them or the counseling profession is accurate
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Recruiting Through Employment
Counselors do not use their places of employment or affiliated institutions to recruit clients, supervisors, or consultees for their private practice
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Products and Training Advertisements
Counselors who advertise products and services ensure that the advertisements contain accurate and adequate information that allows consumers to make informed choices
Professional Responsibility
Advertising and Soliciting Clients - Promoting to Those Served
Counselors do not use their counseling or supervisory relationships to promote their products, training or services in a manner that is deceptive or would exert undo influence on individuals who may be vulnerable. However, Counselor educators may adopt textbooks they have authored for instructional purposes
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Accurate Representation
Counselors claim or imply only qualification actually completed and correct any misrepresentation of their qualifications by others. Counselors truthfully represent the qualifications of their colleagues. Counselors distinguish between volunteer and paid experience and accurately describe their continuing education
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Credentials
Counselors claim only licenses or certificates that are current and in good standing
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Educational Degrees
Counselors clearly differentiate between earned and honorary degrees
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Implying Doctoral-Level Competence
Counselors clearly state their highest earned degree in counseling or a closely related field. They don’t claim to be a doctor when they are not
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Accreditation Status
Counselors accurately represent the accreditation status of their degree program and college/university
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Professional Membership
Counselors clearly differentiate between current, active memberships and former memberships. Members of ACA must clearly differentiate between professional membership (masters) and regular membership
Professional Responsibility
Professional Qualifications - Nondiscrimination
Counselors do not condone or engage in discrimination
Professional Responsibility
Public Responsibility - Sexual Harassment
Counselors do not engage in or condone sexual harrassment
Professional Responsibility
Public Responsibility - Reports to Third Parties
Counselors are accurate, honest and objective in reporting their professional activities and judgements to appropriate third parties.
Professional Responsibility
Public Responsibility - Media Presentations
When Counselors provide advice or comment by public means they take precautions to ensure that: The statements are based on appropriate professional counseling literature and practice The statements are otherwise consistent with the ACA code of ethics The recipients of the information are not encouraged to believe that a counseling relationship has been established
Professional Responsibility
Public Responsibility - Exploitation of Others
Counselors do not exploit others in the professional relatioships
Professional Responsibility
Public Responsibility - Contributing to the Public Good
Counselors make a responsible effort to provide services to the public for little to no financial return
Professional Responsibility
Treatment Modalities - Scientific Basis for Treatment
Counselors use treatments that are grounded in theory and have an empirical or scientific foundation
Professional Responsibility
Treatment Modalities - Development and Innovations
When counselors use innovative techniques they explain the risks, benefits and ethical considerations. They work to minimize any risk or harm
Professional Responsibility
Treatment Modalities - Harmful Practices
Counselors don’t use techniques, procedures or modalities that are known to cause harm even if the services are requested
Professional Responsibility
Responsibility to Other Professionals - Personal Public Statements
When making personal statements in a public context, counselors clarify that they are speaking from a personal perspective and not on behalf of all counselors or the profession
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Different Approaches
Counselors are respectful of approaches that are grounded in theory but different than their own.
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Forming Relationships
Counselors work to develop and strengthen relationships with colleagues from other disciplines to best serve clients
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Interdisciplinary Teamwork
Counselors who are part on an interdisciplinary team remain focused on how to best serve the client. They participate in and contribute to decisions that affect the well-being of clients
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Establishing Professional and Ethical Obligations
Counselors who work in interdisciplinary teams work together to clarify professional and ethical obligations of the team and each individual. When the team decision raises ethical concerns, counselors first attempt to resolve it within the team. If it can not be resolved, counselors pursue other avenues to address their concerns consistent with client well-being
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Confidentiality
When counselors are required by law, institutional policy, or extraordinary circumstances to serve more than one role in judicial or administrative proceedings, they clarify role expectations and parameters of confidentiality with their colleagues
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Personnel Selection and Assignment
When counselors select personnel they select competent staff and assign responsibilities compatible with their skills and experiences.
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Employer Policies
Acceptance of employment in an agency or institution implies that the counselor agrees with its general policies and principles. They strive to reach agreements with employers regarding acceptable standards of care and professional conduct
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Negative Conditions
Counselors alert their employers of inappropriate policies and practices. They attempt to effect change. When policies are particularly harmful counselors take appropriate further action.
Relationships With Other Professionals
Relationships With Colleagues, Employees and Employers - Protection From Punitive Action
Counselors do not harass a colleague or employee or dismiss an employee who has acted in a responsible and ethical manner to expose inappropriate employer policies or practices
Relationships With Other Professionals
Provision of Consultation Services - Consultant Competency
Counselors take reasonable steps to ensure that they have the appropriate resources and competencies when providing consultation services. Counselors provide appropriate referral resources when requested or needed.
Relationships With Other Professionals
Provision of Consultation Services - Informed Consent in Formal Consultations
When providing formal consultation services, counselors review in writing and verbally the rights and responsibilities of both the counselors and consultees. They use understandable language to inform all parties about the purpose of services to be provided, relevant costs, potential risks and benefits and limits of confidentiality.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
General - Assessment
The purpose of assessment is to gather information regarding the client for a variety of purposes. Assessments may include both qualitative and quantitive methodologies
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
General - Client Welfare
Counselors do not misuse assessment results and interpretations and take reasonable steps to prevent others from misusing information. They respect the clients right to know the results, the interpretations made and the bases for counselors conclusions and recommendations
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Competence to Use and Interpret Assessment Instruments - Limits of Competence
Counselors only use testing and assessments that they have been trained on and are competent in. Counselors take reasonable measures to ensure the proper use of assessment techniques by persons they are supervising
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Competence to Use and Interpret Assessment Instruments - Appropriate Use
Counselors are responsible for the appropriate application, scoring, interpretation and use of assessment instruments relevant to the needs of the client whether they score and interpret assessments theirselves or use other services
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Competence to Use and Interpret Assessment Instruments - Devisions Based on Results
Counselors who are responsible for decisions that are based on assessment results have a thorough understanding of psychometrics
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Informed Consent in Assessment - Explanation to Clients
Prior to assessment, counselors explain the nature and purposes of assessment and the specific use of results by potential recipients. The explanation will be given in term and plain language that the client can understand
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Informed Consent in Assessment - Recipients of Results
Counselors consider the client’s welfare, understanding, and prior agreements in determining who receives the assessment results. Counselors include accurate and appropriate interpretations with any release of individual or group assessment results.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Informed Consent in Assessment - Release of Data to Qualified Personnel
Counselors release assessment data in which the client is identified only with consent of the client or the client’s representative and only to individuals who are qualified to interpret the data
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders - Proper Diagnosis
Counselors take special care to properly diagnose mental disorders. Techniques are carefully selected and appropriately used.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders - Cultural Sensitivity
Clients socioeconomic and cultural experiences are considered when diagnosing mental disorders
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders - Historical and Social Prejudices in the Diagnosis of Pathology
Counselors are aware of historical and social prejudices in the misdiagnosis and pathologizing of certain individuals and groups and strive to be aware of and address biases in themselves or others
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders - Refraining From Diagnosis
Counselors may refrain from making and/or reporting a diagnosis if they believe that it would cause harm to the client or others. They consider the positive and negative benefits of diagnosis
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Instrument Selection - Appropriateness of Instruments
Counselors carefully consider the validity, reliability, limitations, and appropriateness of an instrument and when possible use multiple forms of assessment
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Instrument Selection - Referral Information
When a client is referred for assessment, the counselor provides specific referral questions and sufficient objective data about the client to ensure appropriate assessment instruments are utilized
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Conditions of Assessment Administration - Administration Conditions
Counselors administer assessments under the same conditions that were established in their standardization. If they are not administered under standard conditions it should be noted and the results may be designated as invalid or of questionable validity
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Conditions of Assessment Administration - Provision of Favorable Conditions
Counselors provide an appropriate environment for the administration of assessments
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Conditions of Assessment Administration - Technological Administration
Counselors ensure that technologically administered assessments function properly and provide clients with accurate results
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Conditions of Assessment Administration - Unsupervised Assessments
Unless the assessment is designed, intended and validated for self-administration and/or scoring, counselors do not permit unsupervised use
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Assessment
Counselors use with cautions assessment techniques normed on populations other than that of the client. counselors recognize the effects of demographics on test administration and interpretation and they place test results in proper perspective with other relevant factors
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Scoring and Interpretation of Assessments - Reporting
When counselors report assessment results, they consider the client’s personal and cultural background and level of understanding. Counselors indicate reservations regarding validity or reliability due to circumstances or inappropriateness of the norms for the person tested
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Scoring and Interpretation of Assessments - Instruments With Insufficient Empirical Data
Counselors exercise caution when using instruments not having sufficient empirical data to support respondent results. The purpose for the use of such instrument is stated to the examinee. Counselors qualify any conclusions, diagnosis’s, or recommendations made that are based on assessment or instrument with questionable validity or reliability
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Scoring and Interpretation of Assessments - Assessment Services
Counselors who provide assessment, scoring and interpretation services confirm the validity of such interpretations. At all times they maintain the ethical responsibility to those being assessed
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Assessment Security
Counselors maintain the integrity and security of tests and assessments consistent with legal and contractual obligations. Counselors do not appropriate, reproduce, or modify assessments without acknowledgement or permission from the publisher.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Obsolete Assessment and Outdated Results
Counselors do not use data or results from assessments that are outdated or obsolete and they make every effort to prevent use of obsolete measures.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Assessment Construction
Counselors use established scientific procedures, relevant standards, and current professional knowledge for assessment design in development, publication and utilization of assessment techniques
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Forensic Evaluation: Evaluation for Legal Proceedings - Primary Obligations
Produce objective findings when providing forensic evaluations. Form opinions based on professional knowledge and expertise that can be supported by data gathered in evaluations. Define limits of reports or testimony.
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Forensic Evaluation: Evaluation for Legal Proceedings - Consent for Evaluation
Individuals being evaluated are informed in writing that the relationship is for the purposes of evaluation and is not therapeutic in nature, and entities or individuals who will receive the evaluation report are identified. Written consent from those being evaluated is obtained unless a court orders evaluations to be conducted without written consent of the individuals
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Forensic Evaluation: Evaluation for Legal Proceedings - Client Evaluation Prohibited
Counselors do not evaluate current or former clients and do not counsel individuals they are evaluating
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
Forensic Evaluation: Evaluation for Legal Proceedings - Avoid Potentially Harmful Relationships
Counselors who provide forensic evaluations avoid potentially harmful professional or personal relationships with family members, romantic partners, and close friends of individuals they are evaluating or have evaluated in the past
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision and Client Welfare - Client Welfare
Supervisors should monitor the service provided by supervisees. They must meet with them regularly to ensure they are prepared to serve a wide range of diverse clients. Supervisees must read and follow the ACA code of ethics.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision and Client Welfare - Counselor Credentials
Supervisors ensure that supervisees communicate their qualifications.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision and Client Welfare - Informed Consent and Clients Rights
Supervisors make sure that supervisees are aware of client rights and protections (confidentiality,privacy). Supervisees provide clients with disclosures, inform them of the supervisory relationship and how it affects confidentiality and who has access to counseling records and how they will be stored, transmitted and reviewed.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision Competence - Supervisor Preparation
Supervisors must be trained in supervision and pursue continuing education including both counseling and supervision skills.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision Competence - Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Supervision
Counseling supervisors are aware of multiculturalism/diversity in the supervisory relationship.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counselor Supervision Competence - Online Supervision
Supervisors are competent in the use of supervisory technology and take necessary precautions to protect confidentiality of all info transmitted electronically.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisory Relationship - Extending Conventional Supervisory Relationships
Supervisors define and maintain ethical professional, personal, and social relationships with their supervisees. Supervisors consider the risks of extending their supervisory relationship and ensure that their judgement is not impaired and no harm occurs
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisory Relationship - Sexual Relationships
Sexual or romantic interactions or relationships with supervisees are prohibited for both in person or electronic supervisory relationships.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisory Relationship - Sexual Harassment
Supervisors do not condone or subject supervisees to sexual harassment
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisory Relationship - Friends or Family members
Supervisors may not supervise individuals with whom they can not be objective (close friends or family)
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisor Responsibilities - Informed Consent for Supervisors
Supervisors are responsible for including informed consent. Supervisors tell the supervisees about the policies and procedures and the mechanisms for appeal. Also includes the issues unique to distance supervision
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisor Responsibilities - Emergencies and Absences
Supervisors establish procedures for contacting them or someone else in their absence in case of crises.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisor Responsibilities - Standards for Supervisees
Supervisors are responsible for making the supervisee aware of professional, ethical standards and legal responsibilities.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Supervisor Responsibilities - Termination of the Supervisory Relationship
The supervisory relationship can be terminated with adequate notice. Reasons should be discussed and differences resolved. After termination, supervisors make appropriate referrals to another supervisor.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student and Supervisee Responsibilities - Ethical Responsibilities
Students and supervisees must follow the ACA code of ethics. They have the same obligation as professionals
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student and Supervisee Responsibilities - Impairment
Students and supervisees self-monitor for signs of impairment and do not offer services when such impairment may cause harm to others. They also must notify their faculty or supervisor and seek help. They also may need to limit, suspend or terminate their responsibilities until they may safely resume their work.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student and Supervisee Responsibilities - Professional Disclosure
Before providing services, supervisees and students must disclose their status, and explain how it limits confidentiality. They must also obtain client permission before they use any information concerning the counseling relationship in training.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counseling Supervision Evaluation, Remediation and Endorsement - Evaluation
Supervisors provide ongoing feedback and schedule formal evaluation
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counseling Supervision Evaluation, Remediation and Endorsement - Gatekeeping and Remediation
Supervisors are aware of supervisees limits and assist when appropriate. They may also recommend dismissal if the supervisee is unable to demonstrate competence in providing services. Supervisors will seek consultation and document their decision as well as inform the supervisee and make sure they are aware of their options.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counseling Supervision Evaluation, Remediation and Endorsement - Counseling for Supervisees
Supervisor will assist the supervisee with obtaining appropriate counseling services, but does not provide them. They address the impact of interpersonal competence on clients and the supervisory relationship.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Counseling Supervision Evaluation, Remediation and Endorsement - Endorsements
Supervisors only endorse supervisees whom they believe are qualified for endorsement. Supervisors do not endorse supervisees whom they believe to be impaired in any way that will affect the performance of their duties.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Counselor Educators
Counselor educators are skilled and knowledgeable regarding ethical, legal, and regulatory aspects. They conduct teaching and training in an ethical manner and serve as role models.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Counselor Educator Competence
Counselors who are also educators or supervisors teach within their area of knowledge and provide instruction based on current information. They are also competent in the use of the technology they utilize.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Infusing Multicultural Issues/Diversity
Counselor educators include multiculturalism/diversity into their courses and workshops.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Integration of Study and Practice
Counselor educators integrate academic study and supervised practice in their programs.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Teaching Ethics
Counselor educators ensure that students are aware of ethical responsibilities and standards and infuse ethical considerations throughout the curriculum.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Use of Case Examples
The use of client, student or supervisee information as examples in the classroom is only allowed when a) the client, student or supervisee has reviewed the material and agreed to its presentation and b) the information has been modified to obscure identity.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Student to Student Supervision and instruction
When students function as supervisors or educators, they have the same ethical obligations as counselor educators, trainers and supervisors. Counselor educators ensure that student’s rights are not compromised when peers lead activities.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Innovative Theories and Techniques
Counselor educators promote the use of techniques that are grounded in theory and/or have an empirical or scientific foundation. When they discuss developing or innovative techniques, they explain the potential risks, benefits and ethical considerations associated.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Responsibilities of Counselor Educators - Field Placements
Counselor educators develop policies and provide direct assistance regarding appropriate field placement. They provide clearly stated roles. They confirm that site supervisors are qualified to provide supervision and inform them of their ethical responsibility.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student Welfare - Program Information and Orientation
Counselor educators recognize that student development begins with students’ initial contact with the program and continues throughout education and clinical training. Faculty provide current and prospective students with information about program expectations, including: The values and ethical principles of the profession The type and level of skill and knowledge acquisition required Technology requirements Program training goals, objectives, and mission, and subject matter Bases for evaluation Training components that encourage self-growth or self-disclosure The type of supervision settings and requirements of the sites for required clinical field experiences Student and supervisor evaluation and dismissal policies and procedures Up-to-date employment prospects for graduates
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student Welfare - Student Career Advising
Counselor educators provide career advisement and make students aware of opportunities
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student Welfare - Self-growth Experiences
Self-growth is expected of students. Educators are mindful of ethical principles when they require students to engage in self growth. Educators and supervisors inform students that they have the right to decide what they do or do not share in class.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Student Welfare - Addressing Personal Concerns
Counselor educators may require students to address personal concerns that can affect professional competency.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Evaluation and Remediation - Evaluation of Students
Counselor educators clearly state to students prior to and throughout training the levels of competency expected, appraisal methods, and timing of evaluations for didactic and clinical competencies. Counselor educators provide ongoing feedback regarding performance.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Evaluation and Remediation - Limitations
Counselor educators are aware and address the inability of some students to achieve counseling competencies. They should do the following: Assist students in securing remedial assistance when needed Seek professional consultation and document their decision or refer students for assistance Ensure that students have recourse in a timely manner to address decisions requiring them to seek assistance or to dismiss them and provide due process according to institutional policies and procedures.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Evaluation and Remediation - Counseling for Students
If counseling is requested by the student or if it is suggested as part of a remediation process, counselor educators assist students in identifying proper services
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Sexual or Romantic Relationships
Counselor educators can not have sexual or romantic relationships or interactions with students over whom they have power or authority. This applies to both in-person and electronic interactions or relationships.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Sexual Harrassment
Counselor educators do not condone or subject students to sexual harassment.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Relationships with Former Students
Counselor educators are aware of the power differential between then and students. Faculty members discuss with former students the risks when they consider engaging in social, sexual, or other intimate relationships.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Nonacademic Relationships
Counselor educators avoid non academic relationships with students in which there is a potential for harm or may compromise training or grades. Counselor educators do not accept fees, commissions, reimbursements or remuneration from sites for placement of supervisors or students.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Counseling Services
Counselor educators do not serve as counselors to students over whom they have power or authority.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Roles and Relationships between Counselor Educators and Students - Extending Educator-Student Boundaries
If the counseling educator believes that a nonprofessional relationship with a student may be potentially beneficial to the student, they can take precautions similar to when working with a client. Examples are: attending a formal ceremony, conducting a hospital visit, providing support during a stressful event, having mutual membership in a professional organization. Nonprofessional relationships with students should be time limited, context specific and initiated with the students consent.
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Multicultural/Diversity Competence in Counselor Education and Training Programs - Faculty Diversity
Counselor educators will recruit and retain a diverse faculty
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Multicultural/Diversity Competence in Counselor Education and Training Programs - Student Diversity
Counselor educators will recruit and retain a diverse student body. They will provide appropriate accommodations to support diverse student well-being and academic performance
Supervision, Training and Teaching
Multicultural/Diversity Competence in Counselor Education and Training Programs - Multicultural/Diversity Competence
Counseling educators use multicultural/diversity competency in their training and supervision practices and actively train students to gain awareness and knowledge of multicultural practices.
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Conducting Research
Counselors plan, design, conduct, and report research in a manner consistent with ethical principles, federal and state laws, institutional regulations and scientific standards
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Confidentiality in Research
Counselors are responsible for understanding and adhering to state, federal, or institutional policies or applicable guidelines regarding confidentiality in their research practices
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Independent Researchers
When counselors conduct independent research and there’s no institutional review board, they are held by the same ethical principles, federal and state laws.
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Deviation From Standard Practice
Counselors seek consultations and observe stringent safeguards to protect participants when deviating from standard or acceptable practices
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Precautions to Avoid Injury
Counselors who are conducting research are responsible for their participants wellbeing and take precautions to avoid causing harm
Research and Publications
Research Responsibilities - Principal Researcher Responsibility
Ultimate responsibility for ethical research practice lies with the principal researcher. All others are responsible for their own ethical behavior.
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Informed Consent in Research
Individuals have the right to decline to participate in research. In seeking consent, counselors should use language that:
- Accurately explains the purpose and procedures
- Identifies any procedures that are experimental or untried
- Describes any discomfort, risks, and potential power differentials
- Describes any benefits or changes in individuals or organizations that can be reasonable expected
- Discloses appropriate alternative procedures that would be advantageous for participants
- Offers to answer any inquiries concerning the procedures
- Describes any limitations on confidentiality
- Describes the format and potential target audience
- Instruct the participant that they are free to withdraw
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Student/Supervisee Participation
Researchers make it clear to students and supervisees who participate in research that the decision to participate does not affect their academic standing. Students or supervisees who choose not to participate are offered alternative to fulfill their requirements
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Client Participants
Counselors make it clear to clients that they are free to choose if they was to participate in research or not. Counselors protect them from any adverse consequences of declining or withdrawing
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Confidentiality of Information
Information obtained about participant is confidential and procedures are implemented to protect confidentiality
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Persons Not Capable of Giving Informed Consent
When a participant is not capable of giving informed consent, consent is obtained from a legally authorized person.
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Commitments to Participants
Counselors take reasonable measures to honor all commitments to research participants
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Explanation After Data Collection
After data is collected, counselors provide participants with full clarification as to the nature of the study. Counselors take reasonable measures to ensure no harm comes from delaying or withholding information
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Informing Sponsors
Counselors ensure that appropriate bodies and authorities are given pertinent information and acknowledgement
Research and Publications
Rights of Research Participants - Research Records Custodian
Researchers prepare and disseminate to an identified colleague or records custodian a plan for the transfer of data if they can not finish the research
Research and Publications
Managing and Maintaining Boundaries - Extending Researcher-Participant Boundaries
Researchers consider the risks of extending the current relationship. When extending a relationship may be beneficial to the participant, researcher must document prior to the interaction (when feasible) the rationale, potential benefit and anticipated consequences. Such interaction should be initiated with consent from the participant. Researcher will remedy any unintentional harm
Research and Publications
Managing and Maintaining Boundaries - Relationship With Research Participants
Sexual or romantic encounters with current research participants are prohibited
Research and Publications
Managing and Maintaining Boundaries - Sexual Harassment
Researchers do not condone or participate in sexual harassment of research participants
Research and Publications
Reporting Results - Accurate Results
Counselors plan, conduct, and report research accurately. Counselors do not engage in fraudulent research. They describe the extent to which results are applicable for diverse populations
Research and Publications
Reporting Results - Obligation to Report Unfavorable Results
Counselors report the results of any research. Unfavorable results are not withheld
Research and Publications
Reporting Results - Reporting Errors
If counselors find significant errors in their published research, they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a correction erratum or other appropriate publication means
Research and Publications
Reporting Results - Identity of Participants
Counselors disguise the identity of research participants in the absence of specific authorization to do otherwise. If participants self-disclose, researchers do their best to ensure no harm
Research and Publications
Reporting Results - Republication of Studies
Counselors are obligated to make available sufficient original research information to qualified professionals who may with to replicate or extend the study
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Use of Case Examples
The use of case examples is only ok when it has been reviewed with the involved parties and the information has been modified to obscure identity
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Plagiarism
Counselors do not plagiarize
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Acknowledging Previous Work
Counselors acknowledge and give recognition to previous work on the topic by others or self
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Contributors
Counselors give credit to contributors according to their contribution. The principal contributor is listed first.
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Agreement of Contributors
Counselors that do research with contributors establish agreements in advance regarding allocation of tasks, publication credit and types of acknowledgment
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Student Research
Manuscripts or professional presentations that are substantially based on a student’s course papers. projects, dissertations, or theses are used only with student permission and list the student as the lead author
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Duplicate Submissions
Counselors submit manuscripts to only one journal at a time. Manuscripts that are published in whole or part by one publisher are not submitted to another publisher without acknowledgment and permission from the original publisher
Research and Publications
Publications and Presentations - Professional Review
Counselors who review material submitted for publication respect the confidentiality and proprietary right of those who submitted it. Publication decisions are made based on valid and defensible standards. Articles are reviewed in a timely manner and based on their scope and competency and they avoid personal bias.
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Knowledge and Legal Consideration - Knowledge and Competency
Counselors who engage in distance counseling and/or social media develop knowledge and skills regarding related technical, ethical and legal considerations
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Knowledge and Legal Consideration - Laws and Statutes
Counselors who engage in distance counseling are aware that they are subject to the laws of their practicing location as well as the clients place of residence. Counselors make clients aware of pertinent legal rights and limitations governing counseling across state lines or international boundaries
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Informed Consent and Security - Informed Consent and Disclosure
Clients have the right to choose to participate in distance counseling or not. In addition to the usual informed consent, the following must be addressed:
- Distance counseling credentials, physical location of practice, and contact information
- Risks and benefits of engaging in the use of distance counseling
- Possiability of technology failure and alternate method of service delivery
- Anticipated response time
- Emergency procedures to follow when the counselor is not available
- Time zone differences
- Cultural and/or language differences that may affect delivery of services
- Possiable denial of insurance benefits
- Social Media Policy
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Informed Consent and Security - Confidentiality Maintained by the Counselor
Counselors acknowledge the limitations of maintaining the confidentiality of electronic records and transmissions. They inform clients that individuals might have authorized or unauthorized access to such records or transmissions
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Informed Consent and Security - Acknowledgement of Limitations
Counselors inform clients about the inherent limits of confidentiality when using technology. They urge client to be aware of authorized and unauthorized access to information
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Informed Consent and Security - Security
Counselors use current encryption standards within thier websites. Counselors take reasonable precautions to ensure confidentiality of information
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Client Verification
Counselors who use distance counseling take steps to verify the clientls identity at the beginning and throughout therepy.
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Benefits and Limitations
Counselors inform clients of the benefits and limitations of using technology in counseling.
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Professional Boundaries in Distance Counseling
Counselors discuss and establish professional boundaries with clients regarding appropriate use and/or application of technology and limitation of its use within the counseling relationship
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Technology-Assisted services
When providing distance counseling, counselors make reasonable efforts to determine that clients are intellectually, emotionally, physically, linguisticallym and functionally capable of using the application and that the application is appropriate for the client. They also follow up with the client to verify that they understand the purpose of any application and to correct any misconceptions
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Effectiveness of Services
When distance counseling is deemed ineffective by the counselor or client, counselors consider face-to-face counseling. If the counselor is unable to provide face-to-face services they assist the client in identifying appropriate services
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Access
Counselors provide information to clients regarding reasonable acess to pertinent applications when providing technology assisted services
Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
Distance Couseling Relationship - Communication Differences in Electronic Media
Counselors educate clients on how to prevent and address potential misunderstandings arising from the lack of visual cues and voice intonations when communicating electronically
