AC4.1 Policy Development Flashcards
Individualistic theories
What are the the two treatments for criminology behaviour ?
Psychoanalysis:
Freud aimed to access unconscious thoughts making them conscious to explain someone’s behaviour , once conscious they can be dealt with
Behaviour modification
Aims to change undesirable behaviour to desirable behaviour
The token economy where tokens are given for disorderly actions which are exchanged for a treat ( positive reinforcement )
Biological theories
What is eugenics ?
Explains the idea of simple and complex human behaviour. It is the eradication / sterilisation of people with undesirable traits such as disabilities
Aims to create a superior race where criminals cannot reproduce criminal offspring .
Osborne and west - 40% of boys who’s fathers were criminal were also criminal compared to only 12% of boys who fathers were not criminal were criminal
Biological theories
Explain the death penalty
An extreme biological driven policy
It is the lawful killing of criminals as a punishment for their crimes .. it is used as a type of deterrent. capital punishment is illegal in the Uk but is legal is some US states and eastern countries
In 2015 the murder rate was 25% higher in death penalty states than non death penalty states
Biological theories
What is chemical castration ?
Chemical castration is the use of birth control pills on male sex offenders which leads to the removal of their sexual urges. It has found to be very effective for many criminals with over 100 criminals in the UK signing up for the treatment
Sociological theories
What is Penal populism ?
It is the governments attempt of pleasing the general public by proposing laws which they will be in favour for. Political parties can compete with each-other to win over people by being tougher on crimes the public think need to be dealt with
This policy started as a result of the James Bulger case where the community and media showed concerns about soft sentences on violent crimes . This caused an increase in prison sentences , now the UK has more life sentences than the whole of the Europe combined
Sociological theories
How prisons are used and the types of prison sentences
Prisons are places controlled by law enforcement and government in which criminals are held. They are taught to lead law abiding lives
Concurrent- two or more prison sentences are
given and served at the same time
Consecutively- served one after another
Suspended- served in the community
Determinate- a fixed length
Indeterminate- no fixed length
Sociological theories
What is meant by the term zero tolerance ?
The idea that all crimes much be acted upon no matter how trivial they are. ( not allowing the crime to grow )
Based upon the “ broken window “ theory which suggests a link between disorder and crime. Crimes such as littering etc should be acted upon to prevent further crime.
It has shown to work in New York as since 1993 murder rates have fallen by 49%
Sociological theories
What is restorative justice ?
The voluntary process involving the victim and offender talking about the crime , how it affected them and what they can do to fix it with the assistance of a trained facilitator
Prison fellowship suggests that restorative justice can reduce post traumatic stress disorder in victims and in some cases convince criminals to stop committing crimes
85% of victims who took part were satisfied
Sociological theories
How effective is CCTV ?
It is one of the first things people look for in their enquiries
It has policy implications as a deterrent to preventing crime
The recording cannot lie. They see everything that eyewitnesses or the victims could have missed
Sociological theories
What is multi agency approach ?
It is the cooperation between agencies in the prevention of crimes and the increase of detecting/ dealing with crimes
Labelling theory within justice policies
It has important policy implications
Reintegrative shaming -
a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community. For example if a child broke a window the police would come and their parents would be told making them feel shame about their actions they would be forgiven and the bonds reform
Disintegrative shaming-
Disintegrative shaming is disrespectful, unforgiving and isolates the individual from the group. They do not receive forgiveness
