AC3.3 Examine the limitations of agencies in acheiving social control Flashcards
Limitation: Repeat offending
What were bromley beifeings 2017 recividism rate they found
Rising prison population
49% within one year
prison pop double that of 1993, longer sentencing - average minimum sentence for murder increased by 8 years, between 2003 to 2016
Limitation: Repeat offending
Who reoffends?
Whats the dark figure of offending
What are the theory links from Bandura to repeat offedning
Males more likely to than females, unemployed, drug users, homeless, those who served prison sentence, more likely to re-offend than those given non-custodial sentences
Bandura social learning theory - prison reinforcing criminal behaviour is ok. due to higher up’s not being punished
School of crime - supported by Sutherland’s differential association theory
Limitation: Civil liberties concerns and legal barriers
Examples of authoritarian states
Give 2 examples of human rights abuses
Authoritarian states: fewer restrictions on the power agencies have e.g police
1. Critics imprisoned for speaking out against GOV e.g Russia/China - Alexie Navalny in Russia imprisonment for anti-corruption campaigns
2. U.S. Department of State’s annual report on human abuse in Turkey it found : significant abuses of authority, restrictions on freedom and gender-based violence
Limitation: Civil liberties concerns and legal barriers
What are civil liberties?
Outline world press freedom day turkey and why it happened
Where do the majority of civil liberties actually come from?
Freedom of speech, Right to privacy, Freedom from detention without trial
World Press Freedom Day Turkey - in challenge of restriction against free press - ⅓ all journalist prisoners are held in Turkey
Many civil liberties come from the due process model of criminal justice. Legal processes involved in due process are a barrier to protect citizens from oppression by the state (governing body)
Limitation: Access to resources and support
What did the chief inspector say in 2020?
What limitations of access to resources and support are found inside prison?
Chief Inspector 2020: not enough useful support schemes in prisons
Short sentences: not enough time to do work + limited number of spaces on courses e.g literacy
Inadequate resources for education and training
15% cut in number of prison officers
Prisoners less likely to re-offend with family visits but only 68% prisoners have them
Limitation: Access to resources and support
Limited access to resources and support in the community - how many prisoners are homeless on release
What is the end of friday release campaign?
How successful are community sentences?
Lack of money, lack of jobs, Homelessness - Nacro - 1/9 prisoners have no home on release
⅓ releases on Friday - race for accommodation - many officers shut over weekend
More successful in reducing recidivism
Those who do re-offend on community sentences due to; inadequate support for drug behaviour, supervision from probation, failure from privatised community rehab companies
Limited: Access to resources and support
The gov relation to re-offeding
Prisoners eligible for £76 on release - but had been fixed at £46 since 1997 until 2021
Housing benefits stop for those in prison for 13 weeks or more
Gov has planned to introduce a Prisoner Apprenticeship Programme which could be hugely beneficial
Limited: Finance
government spending cuts - think how this effects prisons/probation
The National Offender Management Service (NOMS - manages prisons and probation) - budget decreased by ¼ between 2011-2015
Rising self-harm, assault and suicide
Inadequate funding to provide opportunities to educate and rehabilitate which would reduce recidivism
Privatisation - worst prison riot HMP Birmingham run by G4S - understaffed
Lack of confidence in service due to serious staff shortages and staff’s poor training
Limited through finance
The police
Between 2010 and 2018 there was an overall 19% cut in the budget - 20,000 police officers cut and there is a national shortage of detectives
Cases dropped - 3x as many in 2018 than in 2013
Limitation of agency in achieving social control through finance
The CPS
2010 to 2018 - Budget cut by 1/4
Short of resources and skills needed to effectively combat crime
CPS accused of lowering charges so they can be taken to magistrates court - being quicker and cheaper
Limitation of agency in acheiving social control: Local and national policies
National gov policies:
2019 - Home Secretary - easier to stop and search - implemented aspect of Criminal justice and Public order act 1994
2010 to 2015 Police focus on tackling knife, gun and gang crimes nationwide. New offences introduced e.g gang injunctions.
Limitation of agency acheiving social control: Local gov policies
Outline priorities of differnet police forces around the country
- Mayor of london
How do moral panics disturb gov policy
Priorities of different police forces around the country
Mayor of London - tackle hate crime and boost anti-terrorism squad 2017 - but this raises the worry of leading to other crimes going undetected such as white collar crime.
Moral panics - priorities disturbed by media representations of particular crimes. The DDA 1991 - largely ineffective in protecting the public but police sometimes de-prioritise trivial crimes as a waste of resources
Limited: Crime committed by those with moral imperatives
What is a moral imperative
What does the law say about euthenasia
What is assisted suicide like in switzerland and how has it increased from 2003-2016
Example of crime comitted by someone with moral imperative: Kay Gilderdale
Stansted 15
Theory functionalist links to crime comitted by those with a moral imperative
Moral imperative: strongly felt principle that compels a person to act - right thing to do from a moral viewpoint
The law - both euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal under English law:
Assisted suicide - illegal under terms of Suicide act 1961 and punishable by 14 years imprisonment
Euthanasia - regarded as manslaughter or murder depending on circumstance - life imprisonment (max sentence)
Assisted suicide in Switzerland (not illegal so cannot be stopped by social control agencies) - 4x more since 2003 to 2016
Example of crime committed by those w moral imperative:
Kay Gilderdale - broke law by assisting suicide of ill daughter of 17 years
Stansted 15
15 protestors broke in Stansted 2017- chain themself to plan to stop it from taking off because it was holding victims of human trafficking. Plan was chartered by Home office to deport 60 people - stansted 15 carried potential life sentences however 2021 court of appeal quashed their convictions
Came in light of Windrush scandal
Theory - Functionalist:
Without deviance new social values could not emerge, no change would be possible and society would stagnate. E.g suffragettes breaking the law which drew attention to injustice of women being denied the vote
