AC 3.2 Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
Outline 2 ways built environment can influence crime
Influencing would-be offenders
Affecting people’s ability to exercise control over their surroundings
Describe Newmans theory on space (defensible and indefensible
Defensible - Spaces with a clear boundary, obvious who has the right to be there there. Low crime rates due to 4 key features: Territoriality, natural surveillance, safe image, safe location
Indefensible -55% of all crimes committed in high-rise blocks in NYC - in public spaces - not ‘owned’ by anyone, e.g hallways
Crime Prevention through enviromental design (CPTED)
Describe Coleman’s theory and what supports her theory
analysed blocks in London, poor design produced higher rates of crime
3 features that encouraged crime: Anonymity, lack of surveillance, easy escape
Solutions: No more blocks of flats should be built, each existing block should have its own private space e.g, a garden, overhead walkways should be removed because they obstruct surveillance
Support for Coleman’s solution:
Lissen Green estate, London - 50% reduction of crime after removing overhead walkways
Example of CPTED and Sidebottom et al study
Gated lanes - Sidebottom et al - gates reduced burglaries due to: physical barrier, resident responsibility for guardianship of gates, residents’ sense of territoriality increased, reducing the rewards of crimes - items that cannot be moved over gate.
Outline limitations of gated lanes
Stop criminals outside gates, however not those inside
Neighbourhood trust needed- residents less likely to get together to install gates
Full commitment needed from residents to the scheme
Restrict access for emergency services/refuge collectors, which can be a problem
Outline CPTED theory links
SCP e.g target hardening
Felson’s routine activity theory emphasizes the importance of a ‘capable guardian’ protecting potential crime targets. E.g mutual surveillance by neighbours acts as a guardian
RCT - offenders’ choice to commit crime meaning e.g if intruders fear they will be challenged by residents, they will be more likely to stay away from the area
Outline criticisms of CPTED
Focuses on defence from outsiders, not from insiders e.g domestic violence
Cannot prevent not physical crimes e.g cybercrime
Cul-de-sacs: defensible spaces but not defended e.g residents out all day, not surveillance this shows how social factors (employment patterns) can interact with enviromental factors
High crime rates in housing estates due to council decisions e.g, some councils place ‘problem family’s’ on ‘sink’ estates
Police feedback loop - reputation rather than design
Prison design: the Panopticon - as a form CPTED
Foucault - , he argued that in modern society we increasingly engage in self-surveillance - Guards can see prisoners but prisoners cannot see guards
Surveillance theory - Foucault - we monitor and control out behaviour ourselves through the perception we are being watched, self-surveillance through CCTV for example
Behaviour tactics in agencies - court orders, token economies - contributing to social control
Two examples of agencies seeking to change individuals’ behaviour to make them conform to social norms and laws.
- ASBOs and criminal behaviour orders
- Token economies
What did Tony Blair’s New Labour government introduce in 1998 to address low-level anti-social behaviour?
ASBOs (Anti-social behaviour orders)
ASBOs were aimed at restraining actions that threatened the legal rights of others.
What type of orders are ASBOs?
Civil orders
ASBOs are not criminal orders.
What is the purpose of an ASBO?
To restrain a person from committing actions that threaten the legal rights of another person
Examples include stopping someone from making noise outside another person’s house.
What is the consequence of breaching an ASBO?
It is a criminal offence that can result in up to 5 years in prison
This highlights the serious nature of violating a civil order.
What percentage of ASBOs were breached between 2000-2013?
58%
This statistic indicates the high rate of non-compliance with Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs) during this period.
FORM OF behaviour tactitics in agencies
What does labelling theory suggest about being labelled as deviant or criminal?
It can lead to internalising the label as part of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
This theory posits that the labels assigned to individuals can influence their self-identity and behaviour.
How did ASBOs affect young offenders? how does this link to labelling theory
They became a badge of honour, reinforcing rather than reducing offending behaviour.
This is because the badge acted as a label, which was internalized as part of a self-fulfilling prophecy so meant young offenders repeatedly offended after being labelled through use of badge of honour (the ASBO)
True or False: Many ASBOs were breached repeatedly.
True
This indicates ongoing issues with compliance among individuals under ASBOs.
FORM OF behaviour tactitics in agencies
What legislation replaced ASBOs?
Antisocial Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014
This act introduced new measures for addressing antisocial behavior.
What are the two main types of orders introduced by the Antisocial Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014?
Civil injunctions and Criminal behaviour orders
These orders are designed to address various levels of antisocial behavior.
What is the purpose of injunctions under the Antisocial Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014?
To deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance
Breaching these injunctions can lead to serious consequences.
What are the consequences of breaching an injunction for those under 18?
Prison order or detention order
This reflects the seriousness of violating an injunction.
What is the purpose of Criminal behaviour orders?
To deal with seriously anti-social individuals
These orders target more severe cases of antisocial behavior.
What is the maximum prison sentence for breaching a Criminal behaviour order?
5 years
This applies to adults; detention periods may differ for minors.
What is the maximum detention period for under 18s breaching a Criminal behaviour order?
2 years
This reflects the need for rehabilitation in younger offenders.
What are negative requirements in the context of Criminal behaviour orders?
Forbids people from doing certain things
These requirements aim to restrict harmful behaviors.
What are positive requirements in the context of Criminal behaviour orders?
Require positive actions, such as joining a drug treatment program
These requirements focus on rehabilitation and constructive behavior.
FORM OF behaviour tactitics in agencies
Token economies - based on behavioural modification through positive/negative sanctions
What theory do token economies link to?
How do they work?
Links to Skinner’s Operant learning theory - reward as reinforcement of positive behaviour
Selective reinforcement
How effective are token economies?
Hobbs and Holt - behaviour change lasted throughout the 14-month study
But the recidivism rate still remains high - the desired behaviour lost after leaving prison but returns to crime slower than non-token economy inmates
Offenders become more manageable BUT is the behaviour being modified to suit the institution or the rehab of the offender?
Programmes work because rules are spelled out more clearly?
Institutional tactics (sanctions) as a contribution from agencies to ahceiving social control
Staged sanctions within
Employment
Police: simple caution, conditional caution
Schools
Offender on probation order: formal warning, referral back to court
