AC3.2 Describe the contributions of agencies to achieving social control

Question 1

define environmental design

Answer 1

refers to what an environment looks like and how it is designed so that it has an impact in criminality

Question 2

what is CPTED

Answer 2

the idea that crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical enviroment

Question 3

who introduced CPTED

Answer 3

C Ray Jeffery

Question 4

what does CPTD stand for

Answer 4

Crime prevention through environmental design

Question 5

what is the main objective of CPTED

Answer 5

to reduce and remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment

Question 6

what are the 4 main principles of CPTED

Answer 6

surveillance , access, territorial , maintenance

Question 7

How does surveillance prevent crime

Answer 7

Criminals do not like to be seen or recognised so choose situations where that can be hidden or escape,

to avoid this keeping areas well lit, using cctv,front doors fair streets and culde sacs

as a result criminals should feel like they are being watched with no escape
-Clear building entrance, not scared by vegetation
-Clear site lines to encourage natural surveillance

Question 8

How does access prevent crime?

Answer 8

High levels of through movement, Allow offenders to access and leave an area easily as well is easy identification of targets and increased anonymity of offender

To avoid this cut off straight line access and use foot traffic into controlled visible areas

Offender shouldn’t feel the upper hand
-controlled access,
-clear sight lines

Question 9

How does territoriality prevent crime?

Answer 9

Create clear distinctions between public and private property, Legitimate occupants have a sense of ownership and will notice in challenge, those who don’t belong
To implement this receptionists security signage should be visible in entrances visiting badge system should be used
As a result, residents feel like it’s their space, Morning traders immediately put on the defence
-permeable barriers,
-clear identification of units

Question 10

How does maintenance prevent crime?

Answer 10

Related to territoriality, well maintained areas send a message to people noticing care about the area, this discourages vandalism crimes such as broken windows
-removal of graffiti,
-encouraging ‘cared for’ space

Question 11

Which case study could be used when talking about CPTED And environment control of crime

Answer 11

Damilola, Taylor
he was murdered in the stairwell of the condemned house in a state, the location presented easy access and a easy escape routes and hiding spaces . Furthermore, it has low visibility

Question 12

Synoptic link which Realist theory could environmental crime control policies be linked to

Answer 12

Right realism

Question 13

What are the four strengths of CPTED?

Answer 13

1)provide a sense of ownership, control over property brings a sense of community
2) Home Office found a 30% lower burglary rate in ‘Secured by Design’ properties that meet the crime prevention standards for new builds
3)reduces reward of crime as it’s difficult to climb over a gate with bigger items
4)Lisson Green estate in West London saw a 50% reduce in crime rate after removal of overhead walkways

Question 14

What are the four limitations of CPTED? 

Answer 14

1)Not all offences include physical intrusion into a neighbourhood, for example, white-collar, cybercrime, etc
2)Focusing on protecting areas from outsiders but Crime is often committed by insiders
3)can cost 500-4000 per gate
4)even defensible areas such as cul de sacs may not be defended as people won’t be in all day

Question 15

Give an example of a prison design that relates to environmental design

Answer 15

Panopticon

Question 16

what is the panopticon prison design

Answer 16

Traditional design, that is all seeing , allows for an observer to observe all prisoners without them being aware. There’s a central watchtower (often replaced in a modern days by CCTV surveillance), This allows the observer to see each individual cell

Question 17

Give an example of a Panopticon prison in the UK

Answer 17

HMP Pentonville

Question 18

What’s the name of the famous Norwegian prison?

Answer 18

Bastoy

Question 19

Briefly outline the conditions in bastoy prison, Norway

Answer 19

Rehabilitation approach, Located on a island, No walls wires and no handcuffs. It’s an open system, providing inmates with freedom

Question 20

What’s the reoffending rate in Norway, Compared with the Uk

Answer 20

17% to 70%

Question 21

Explain what is meant by gated lanes

Answer 21

Additional example of environmental design, these are gates which are installed and erected at the entrance of alleyways. The aim-of them is to deter burgers and other criminals by preventing them from gaining unlawful access 

Question 22

Explain what is meant by behavioural tactics

Answer 22

Tactics to change an offenders behaviour so that they are inclined to not commit crimes, And make them more socially compliant

Question 23

What does ASBO stand for?

Answer 23

Antisocial behaviour order

Question 24

What replaced ASBOS

Answer 24

Criminal behaviour orders(CBO)

Question 25

What year were ASBO is introduced

Answer 25

1998

Question 26

Which act first introduced ASBO’s

Answer 26

The crime and disorder act first introduced them in 1998

Question 27

What is the minimum age you must have been in order to receive an Asbo?

Answer 27

Could’ve been given to anyone as young as just 10 years old

Question 28

What were ASBOS Introduced to deal with?

Answer 28

Low-level antisocial behaviour such as vandalism, graffiti public drunkenness, loud music

Question 29

What were ASBOS

Answer 29

Civil orders, For example, preventing someone using abusive, insulting, threatening, or intimidating Language or behaviour towards others 

Question 30

What were the consequences of breaching Asbo conditions?

Answer 30

This was a criminal offence punishable by up to 5 years in prison

Question 31

Explain CBOS

Answer 31

Deal with more serious antisocial behaviour can last for two years for adults and one to 2 years for a under 18s. Breaching can result in five year imprisonment for adults and two year detention for under 18s.

Question 32

Requirements of CBOS

Answer 32

Negative-Forbid a person from going to particular places in certain people or engaging in some activities 
Positive-Require a person to do something to improve their behaviour, such as joining a drug treatment program 

Question 33

What are token economies?

Answer 33

Programs used in some prisons and young offender institutions and psychiatric hospitals demonstrate the idea of rewarding behaviour to increase the likelihood of behaviour being repeated(Skinners operant conditioning )


Question 34

Example of token economies in prison

Answer 34

Institutions drop a list of desirable behaviours, such as obeying the rules and interacting positively with staff and peers prisoners will be rewarded via the IEP scheme(Incentives and earn privileges)
All prisoners start as ‘standard’ but can move up or down based on their behaviour. ‘Enhanced’ prisoners can wear that own clothes have extra money to spend in the canteen and can earn TV in there cell.

Question 35

Weaknesses of token economy

Answer 35

When the offender gets out of prison, they will not have the token economy implemented in the regular diets day life. Therefore they could not want to behave positively in society because I know they’re not going to want if I do so.

Question 36

Strength of token economy in achieving social control

Answer 36

Can be seen to be in effective form of social control as research shows that is deemed to be effective in the long term of the short timescale, (Hobbs and Holt 1979)

Question 37

how do police use institutional tactics to prevent crime?

Answer 37

police- have stage discipline procedure for dealing with offenders prior to court proceedings taking place. This involves a series of cautions And warnings. They act as a second chance to allow the offender to admit guilt, but without having to face court proceedings.

Question 38

How do courts use institutional tactics to Achieve social control?

Answer 38

use sentences to achieve control sentences can be in custodial community final discharge. They can also impose CBOS to encourage remidal action.

Question 39

How to probation services, use disciplinary and inspirational tactics to achieve social control

Answer 39

Supervisors and monitors offenders in the community. Two minor breaches Act as a warning. However, after this, they can refer back to the court those individuals who fail to adhere to the requirements conditions set by Authorities.

Question 40

How to prisons use disciplinary and installation tactics to implement social control

Answer 40

The prison service has rules that apply to all prisons. the prison governor can add further rules specific to the prison. there are sanctions for failing to follow the rules. However, IEP scheme also allows for rewards For following them

Question 41

Explain how unreported crime creates gaps in state provision

Answer 41

The police can only detect crime if it’s brought to their attention
If they’re unaware of crime, it can never be punished .
This is known as unreported crime. It is estimated that the reported crime can account for a large percentage of the crime, even larger than the percentage reported to the police.
Only about 40% of crimes reported to the police
Only one in for attempted rapes are reported 

Question 42

Explain how insufficient resources Create gaps in state provision 

Answer 42

State-controlled agencies company from tax is paid by the public and there is a lot of competition for limited funds
Budget cuts since the financial crisis of 2008, spending cuts and reorganisation to reduce the effectiveness of state agencies in maintaining social control.
For example, police budget was cut by 19% leading to the fall of two 20,000 police 
Cps budget was cut by quarter and one, third of staff were lost

Question 43

How does new technology create gap in state provision?

Answer 43

In 2018 the head of the CPS Alison Saunders said that the CPS was creaking and unable to cope with huge amounts of data being generated by technology.
problems checking mobile phones for evidence Have led to failure to disclose evidence and a fall in the number of rape and sexual offence charges

Question 44

Explain how existing laws create gaps in state provision

Answer 44

Social control relies on the existence of appropriate laws
eg before up skirting was made an offence in 2019 there was no law to do with that particular crime
Currently in the UK, social media companies cannot be prosecuted for material Held on their sites, even though it might promote hatred and terrorism