AC3.2 Describe the contributions of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
define environmental design
refers to what an environment looks like and how it is designed so that it has an impact in criminality
what is CPTED
the idea that crime results partly from opportunities presented by the physical enviroment
who introduced CPTED
C Ray Jeffery
what does CPTD stand for
Crime prevention through environmental design
what is the main objective of CPTED
to reduce and remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment
what are the 4 main principles of CPTED
surveillance , access, territorial , maintenance
How does surveillance prevent crime
Criminals do not like to be seen or recognised so choose situations where that can be hidden or escape,
to avoid this keeping areas well lit, using cctv,front doors fair streets and culde sacs
as a result criminals should feel like they are being watched with no escape
-Clear building entrance, not scared by vegetation
-Clear site lines to encourage natural surveillance
How does access prevent crime?
High levels of through movement, Allow offenders to access and leave an area easily as well is easy identification of targets and increased anonymity of offender
To avoid this cut off straight line access and use foot traffic into controlled visible areas
Offender shouldn’t feel the upper hand
-controlled access,
-clear sight lines
How does territoriality prevent crime?
Create clear distinctions between public and private property, Legitimate occupants have a sense of ownership and will notice in challenge, those who don’t belong
To implement this receptionists security signage should be visible in entrances visiting badge system should be used
As a result, residents feel like it’s their space, Morning traders immediately put on the defence
-permeable barriers,
-clear identification of units
How does maintenance prevent crime?
Related to territoriality, well maintained areas send a message to people noticing care about the area, this discourages vandalism crimes such as broken windows
-removal of graffiti,
-encouraging ‘cared for’ space
Which case study could be used when talking about CPTED And environment control of crime
Damilola, Taylor
he was murdered in the stairwell of the condemned house in a state, the location presented easy access and a easy escape routes and hiding spaces . Furthermore, it has low visibility
Synoptic link which Realist theory could environmental crime control policies be linked to
Right realism
What are the four strengths of CPTED?
1)provide a sense of ownership, control over property brings a sense of community
2) Home Office found a 30% lower burglary rate in ‘Secured by Design’ properties that meet the crime prevention standards for new builds
3)reduces reward of crime as it’s difficult to climb over a gate with bigger items
4)Lisson Green estate in West London saw a 50% reduce in crime rate after removal of overhead walkways
What are the four limitations of CPTED? 
1)Not all offences include physical intrusion into a neighbourhood, for example, white-collar, cybercrime, etc
2)Focusing on protecting areas from outsiders but Crime is often committed by insiders
3)can cost 500-4000 per gate
4)even defensible areas such as cul de sacs may not be defended as people won’t be in all day
Give an example of a prison design that relates to environmental design
Panopticon
what is the panopticon prison design
Traditional design, that is all seeing , allows for an observer to observe all prisoners without them being aware. There’s a central watchtower (often replaced in a modern days by CCTV surveillance), This allows the observer to see each individual cell
Give an example of a Panopticon prison in the UK
HMP Pentonville
What’s the name of the famous Norwegian prison?
Bastoy
Briefly outline the conditions in bastoy prison, Norway
Rehabilitation approach, Located on a island, No walls wires and no handcuffs. It’s an open system, providing inmates with freedom
What’s the reoffending rate in Norway, Compared with the Uk
17% to 70%
Explain what is meant by gated lanes
Additional example of environmental design, these are gates which are installed and erected at the entrance of alleyways. The aim-of them is to deter burgers and other criminals by preventing them from gaining unlawful access 
Explain what is meant by behavioural tactics
Tactics to change an offenders behaviour so that they are inclined to not commit crimes, And make them more socially compliant
What does ASBO stand for?
Antisocial behaviour order
What replaced ASBOS
Criminal behaviour orders(CBO)
What year were ASBO is introduced
1998
Which act first introduced ASBO’s
The crime and disorder act first introduced them in 1998
What is the minimum age you must have been in order to receive an Asbo?
Could’ve been given to anyone as young as just 10 years old
What were ASBOS Introduced to deal with?
Low-level antisocial behaviour such as vandalism, graffiti public drunkenness, loud music
What were ASBOS
Civil orders, For example, preventing someone using abusive, insulting, threatening, or intimidating Language or behaviour towards others 
What were the consequences of breaching Asbo conditions?
This was a criminal offence punishable by up to 5 years in prison
Explain CBOS
Deal with more serious antisocial behaviour can last for two years for adults and one to 2 years for a under 18s. Breaching can result in five year imprisonment for adults and two year detention for under 18s.
Requirements of CBOS
Negative-Forbid a person from going to particular places in certain people or engaging in some activities 
Positive-Require a person to do something to improve their behaviour, such as joining a drug treatment program 
What are token economies?
Programs used in some prisons and young offender institutions and psychiatric hospitals demonstrate the idea of rewarding behaviour to increase the likelihood of behaviour being repeated(Skinners operant conditioning )

Example of token economies in prison
Institutions drop a list of desirable behaviours, such as obeying the rules and interacting positively with staff and peers prisoners will be rewarded via the IEP scheme(Incentives and earn privileges)
All prisoners start as ‘standard’ but can move up or down based on their behaviour. ‘Enhanced’ prisoners can wear that own clothes have extra money to spend in the canteen and can earn TV in there cell.
Weaknesses of token economy
When the offender gets out of prison, they will not have the token economy implemented in the regular diets day life. Therefore they could not want to behave positively in society because I know they’re not going to want if I do so.
Strength of token economy in achieving social control
Can be seen to be in effective form of social control as research shows that is deemed to be effective in the long term of the short timescale, (Hobbs and Holt 1979)
how do police use institutional tactics to prevent crime?
police- have stage discipline procedure for dealing with offenders prior to court proceedings taking place. This involves a series of cautions And warnings. They act as a second chance to allow the offender to admit guilt, but without having to face court proceedings.
How do courts use institutional tactics to Achieve social control?
use sentences to achieve control sentences can be in custodial community final discharge. They can also impose CBOS to encourage remidal action.
How to probation services, use disciplinary and inspirational tactics to achieve social control
Supervisors and monitors offenders in the community. Two minor breaches Act as a warning. However, after this, they can refer back to the court those individuals who fail to adhere to the requirements conditions set by Authorities.
How to prisons use disciplinary and installation tactics to implement social control
The prison service has rules that apply to all prisons. the prison governor can add further rules specific to the prison. there are sanctions for failing to follow the rules. However, IEP scheme also allows for rewards For following them
Explain how unreported crime creates gaps in state provision
The police can only detect crime if it’s brought to their attention
If they’re unaware of crime, it can never be punished .
This is known as unreported crime. It is estimated that the reported crime can account for a large percentage of the crime, even larger than the percentage reported to the police.
Only about 40% of crimes reported to the police
Only one in for attempted rapes are reported 
Explain how insufficient resources Create gaps in state provision 
State-controlled agencies company from tax is paid by the public and there is a lot of competition for limited funds
Budget cuts since the financial crisis of 2008, spending cuts and reorganisation to reduce the effectiveness of state agencies in maintaining social control.
For example, police budget was cut by 19% leading to the fall of two 20,000 police 
Cps budget was cut by quarter and one, third of staff were lost
How does new technology create gap in state provision?
In 2018 the head of the CPS Alison Saunders said that the CPS was creaking and unable to cope with huge amounts of data being generated by technology.
problems checking mobile phones for evidence Have led to failure to disclose evidence and a fall in the number of rape and sexual offence charges
Explain how existing laws create gaps in state provision
Social control relies on the existence of appropriate laws
eg before up skirting was made an offence in 2019 there was no law to do with that particular crime
Currently in the UK, social media companies cannot be prosecuted for material Held on their sites, even though it might promote hatred and terrorism
