ac2.2 - individualistic theories of criminality Flashcards
what was the two conditions in bandura’s bobo doll study
exposed children to two different adult models: an aggressive model and a non aggressive one. aggressive, adults were seen to kick, throw in air and hit with a mallet.
what was the method for the children in bandura’s bobo doll study
the children would be placed in a room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behaviours they had witnessed earlier.
what was the results for bandura’s bobo doll study
showed that children exposed to the aggressive adults tended to copy such behaviour. they even came up with new ways to hurt the doll, such as using a toy gun to shoot it or throwing darts at it. children who watched the non-aggressive adult demonstrated far less aggression towards the bobo doll
bandura claimed that violence and aggression are produced by what
an arousal event (provocation), learned aggressive skill, expected success and rewards, and pro-violence values
bandura claimed that we are more likely to imitate a model if they are what
rewarded for it
how do the findings for the bobo doll study account for criminality
criminal behaviour can be learned from observational learning, where viewers learn behaviours from watching others and imitating them.
what three contexts is observational learning primarily thought to take place in
in the family, in the prevalent sub culture (e.g. peers) and through cultural symbols such as television and books
how is the murder of james bulger a case study for social learning theory
two ten year old boys robert thomson and jon venables murdered james bulger. they are said to have watched childs play 3 before it and the judge said that he suspected exposure to violent video games to play a role.
what did sutherland suggest that people learn their values and techniques for criminal behaviour from
differential associations (interactions with others). if more favourable attitudes are learned rather than negatives then people see crime as acceptable.
sutherland suggested that the differential associations will vary in what for each individual
frequency and importance
why did sutherland call prisons universities of crime
while in prison criminals learn from those around them and become more versed in techniques and offences which accounts for the high reoffending rate of released prisoners
what did freud believe as being the best way to understand behaviour
examining early childhood experiences and the vast unconscious region of our mind that controls behaviour (criminality)
list the three parts of freud’s personality structure (tripartite)
id, ego, superego
describe freud’s id
the id wants instant gratification and represents our basic needs. most primitive part of personality and found in the deep unconscious part of the brain.
describe freud’s superego
our conscience concerned with social rules and morals.
describe freud’s ego
less primitive than the id and tries to be practical and realistic. acting as a mediator between the id and the superego. in the partly conscious and unconscious mind
what results from unresolved conflict between the three parts of the personality
a disturbed personality
what happens when the id dominates
the mind may be uncontrollable and criminality takes place
what happens when the superego dominates
very moralistic, expecting perfection and being judgemental if this was not acheived
what happens when the ego dominates
incapable of accepting change and desiring a very fixed and rigid lifestyle
what happens when children progress from the pleasure principle to the reality principle
go from id dominated and needing instant gratification to having the ego dominate
what do criminals not do in their childhood according to fraud
do not progress from the pleasure principle (id) to the reality principle (ego)
according to freud what does a child need to successfully transition from the pleasure to the reality principle
a stable home environment
how does bowlby’s 44 thieves study support freud’s theory that criminals come from an unstable home
compared juvenile delinquents with non criminal disturbed juveniles. 12/14 affectionless psychopaths had experienced maternal deprivation whereas only 2 in the control group did
