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criminology paper 2 > AC1 > Flashcards

AC1 Flashcards

1
Q

norms

A

social expectations that guide behaviour and explain why people act in the way they do

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2
Q

moral codes

A

basic values, rules of behaving
eg police have code of ethics

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3
Q

values

A

general principles for how we should live our life
eg respecting an elderly

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4
Q

formal sanctions

A

imposed by official bodies such as police, courts.
punishment for breaking formal laws

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5
Q

informal sanctions

A

used when rules arent formally written down and are perhaps ‘unspoken’

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6
Q

legal definition of criminal behaviour

A

any action that is forbidden by the criminal law

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7
Q

2 elements crime must have

A

actus reus
mens rea

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8
Q

actus reus

A

guilty act

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9
Q

mens rea

A

guilty mind

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10
Q

strict liability

A

the wrongful act on its own is enough to convict someone
eg speeding

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11
Q

self-defense

A

if harm is done in self-defense it is not a crime - as long as the force used is reasonable in the situation

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12
Q

social definition of criminal behaviour

A
  • crime is a label from social interaction or wrong doing against the community
  • if society says an act is a crime, then it becomes one
  • crimes have consequences that are detrimental to the community in some way
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13
Q

universal crime

A
  • a crime is seen the same everywhere
  • eg child sex offences
  • but what is deemed as a crime changes between societies - marring 14 yr old (Bangladesh)
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14
Q

formal sanctions against criminals

A
  • penalties laid down by the law that can be imposed on those who have committed the crime
  • eg fines, custodial sentences, cautions
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15
Q

deviance

A

behaviour that goes against society norms, can be good or bad
eg underage drinking

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16
Q

informal sanctions against deviance

A

name calling
ignoring behaviour

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17
Q

formal sanctions against deviance

A

fines
imprisonment

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18
Q

forms of deviance

A
  • admired behaviour
  • odd behaviour
  • bad behaviour
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19
Q

social construction

A

something that has been made or defined by society

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20
Q

time

A

views/opinions can change over time or campaigns can promote change

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21
Q

place

A

some criminal offences aren’t the same everywhere

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22
Q

culture

A

different cultures view crime differently

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23
Q

how laws change from culture to culture

A
  • adultery
  • homosexuality
  • cannabis
  • polygamy
24
Q

adultery

A

sexual act between 2 people, 1 or both who are married to another person

25
adultery illegal cultures
Muslim and christian-majority countries
26
adultery legal countries
most countries, including UK
27
reasons for adultery law varying in different cultures
- religion - bible states adultery is a sin - status of women - owned by husbands, could be treated as property
28
homosexuality
sexual acts between members of the same sex
29
homosexuality illegal cultures
- 72 countries, 6 results in death penalty - india, iran
30
homosexuality legal cultures
UK, Europe, USA
31
reasons for homosexuality law varying in different cultures
religion- condemn it, bible says its a sin sexism - male homosexuality is a crime in more countries than lesbianism is
32
cannabis
possession of cannabis for personal use is treated more leniently than growing/ selling
33
cannabis illegal cultures
UK possession- fine to 5 years supplying -14 years imprisonment
34
cannabis legal cultures
Canada
35
reasons for cannabis law varying in different cultures
- different norms and values- societies with greater individual freedom may see drug as victimless - different ideas about how best to control drug use
36
polygamy
having more than 1 wife/husband at one time
37
polygamy illegal cultures
most countries, UK, Turkey
38
polygamy legal cultures
58 countries, Muslim-majority countries
39
reasons for polygamy law varying in different cultures
religion- Quran permits Muslim men to take up to 4 wives tradition - been practiced in some African cultures
40
how laws change over time
capital punishment - homosexuality - drug laws - gun laws
41
capital punishment
- 18th century- 200 offences resulted in death penalty - capital punishment abolished in 1965 - changed as people had more rights and freedom
42
homosexuality
- all homosexual acts made illegal in 1885 - acts between men 21+ legalized in 1967 - age of consent equal to 16 in 2000
43
homosexuality reasons
- wolfenden report - after ww2 increase in gay men, trial of well known figures, 1957 new law - acts in private of consenting 21+ legal - political - 2010 equality act
44
drug use
- Portuguese case- 2001 legal to carry less than 10 day supply, highest rates of heroine addiction - public health- users referred to health and support rather than being prosecuted, now drug use fallen, deaths lowest in Europe
45
drug use reasons
- rapid growth in the addiction + sale - 1990 1 in 100 addicted to heroin - led to change
46
gun control laws
- laws about access to firearm changed after Michael Ryan and Thomas Hamilton shootings - laws tightened in 1997 banning all handguns apart from 22 single shot weapons
47
gun control laws reasons
- gun control network - snowdrop campaign
48
how laws change in different places
- jaywalking -possession of cannabis - manslaughter
49
jaywalking
- pedestrians cross the road without traffic regulations -illegal- USA, Canada - legal- UK
50
possession of cannabis
- some countries view it as recreational drug while others focus on its medicinal properties - illegal countries - England - different regions operate differently - Durham doesn't priorities cannabis growers for personal use whereas Cumbria does
51
manslaughter
- where offender suffered from diminished responsibility or acted under a loss of control - sentence is open for the judge to decide
52
diminished responsibility
if defendant mental condition reduced their ability to understand what they were doing
53
automatism
crime committed was involuntary
54
how laws are applied differently according to circumstances
- age - different enforcement of the law
55
age
- 2 people may commit the same crime but be treated differently - below the age of criminal responsibility- not have the capacity to commit the crime, dont understand the full meaning of the act so cant be held responsible - UK- u10 cant be arrested, charged or prosecuted - Canada u12
56
different enforcement of the law moral panic
- courts enforced more server sentences on youths convicted of offences during Mods and Rockers - to teach a lesson and deter others
57
different enforcement of the law Chambliss
- studied youths (middle + working class) - found police enforced law stricter against working class even though both commited offences - police hold typification about ideal criminal - laws to protect the rich

criminology paper 2 (3 decks)

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