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criminology paper 2 > AC 4 > Flashcards

AC 4 Flashcards

1
Q

types of policy

A
  • informal policy
  • formal policy
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2
Q

informal policy

A

non official ideas to prevent crime, may be imposed by informal agents of control (family)

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3
Q

formal policy

A

official ideas to prevent crime

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4
Q

biological theories informing policy development

A
  • neurochemicals (diet)
  • neurochemistry (drug treatment)
  • surgery
  • eugenics
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5
Q

neurochemicals

A
  • influence brain chemistry and can be altered by diet
  • foods with serotonin - salmon, tuna
  • Virkkunen (1987) found violent offenders had lower levels of serotonin
  • Gesch (2002) - found that supplementing prisoners diets with vitamins, minerals and fatty acids caused reduction in anti-social behaviour - up to 37% in the case of violent incidents
  • vitamin B3 has been used to treat some form of schizophrenia - sometimes associated with violent behaviour
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6
Q

eugenics

A
  • inheritance of genes could explain the presence of simple and complex human behavioural characteristics
  • aims to improve the genetic quality of human population
  • reinforces ideas of biological determinism and claims that biology had contributed towards many of the social problems throughout the 19th century.
  • argued that the ‘genetically unfit’ should be prevented from breeding
  • eg nazi sterilisation programme - purifying the Aryan master race, 400,000 sterilised, 70,000 killed
  • Osborn and West - 40% of boys had a criminal record who father had also one compared to 12% of boys who didn’t
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7
Q

drug treatments

A
  • affecting the bodys biochemical processing
  • chemical castration
  • alcohol abuse
  • heroin addiction
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8
Q

chemical castration

A
  • treating sex offenders
  • SSRIS to treat OCD and control of sexual fantasies
  • anti-androgen drugs which reduce testerone, stilbestrol making the user impotent
  • mandatory in Poland, Russia, voluntary in Germany, France, Sweden
  • in Scandinavia has reduced re-offending from 40% to >5%
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9
Q

alcohol abuse

A
  • can trigger violent behaviour
  • antabuse is used in aversion therapy to treat alcoholism
  • prevents the body from breaking down alcohol immediately causing unpleasant ‘hangover’ symptoms if the user consumes even a small quantity
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10
Q

heroin addiction

A
  • often leads to commit crime to pay for the drug
  • methadone used to treat addicts
  • long term alternative to prevent withdrawal symptoms
  • legal, medically controlled substitute
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11
Q

lobotomy

A
  • cutting connection between the frontal lobes of the brain and the thalamus
  • used to treat paranoid schizophrenia and sexually motivated spontaneously violent criminals
  • can have serious side effects and very few lobotomys are performed
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12
Q

individualistic theories informing policy development

A
  • psychoanalysis
  • behavioural modification
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13
Q

psychoanalysis

A
  • based on the psychodynamic theory by Freud
  • aims to access the offenders unconscious conflicts and repressed thoughts so they can be resolved
  • free association - patient talks whatever on their mind, lying on a couch
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14
Q

psychoanalysis positive

A
  • can cause closure - may cause them not to reoffend
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15
Q

psychoanalysis negative

A
  • creates power imbalance between therapist and client that could raise ethical issues
  • could recover powerful memories that were repressed
  • Eysenck found only 44% of psychoanalysis patients treated for neurosis showed improvement, meaning it is unlikely to work for criminals who Eysenck argued are likely to be neurotics
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16
Q

behaviour modification

A
  • focuses on how thoughts and feelings shape behaviour
  • techniques to distinguish undesirable characteristics and promote desirable ones
  • token economy - token given for desirable actions which is later exchanged for a treat, rewarded for desirable characteristics and punished for undesirable
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17
Q

behaviour modification positive

A

Hobbs and Holt
- token economy at boys school of delinquents
- aimed to reduce inappropriate behaviour when lining up
- boys separated into 4 cottages and told criteria for token
- all groups showed increase in desirable social behaviour expect the control group (without tokens)

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18
Q

behaviour modification negative

A
  • short term improvement
  • may be manipulating - unethical
  • Fo and O’Donnell - impact on less serious offences were mixed
19
Q

sociological theories informing policy development

A
  • penal populism
  • zero tolerance
  • CCTV
  • multi-agency approach
20
Q

penal populism

A
  • the attempts of government at proposing laws to punish offenders that will be popular to the public
  • David Wilson believed policy started from James Bulgar case- public concerned that legal system was too soft on punishment
  • prison sentences has increased
  • Political parties introduced a punitive laws - automatic life sentences for a second serious offence
21
Q

penal populism evaluation

A
22
Q

zero tolerance

A
  • all crimes are acted on no matter how trivial they are
  • used in areas of the UK (kings cross, middlesbrough)
  • based on broken windows theory - signs must be acted on to prevent further crime
23
Q

zero tolerance positive

A
  • NY- since 1993 major crime fell by 39% and murder by 49%
  • UK cut crime by 22% in 3 months
24
Q

zero tolerance negative

A
  • crime has fallen in areas without zero tolerance policing
  • long-term effects are unknown
  • possibility of racial tension if people feel victimised - which has been shown in the US
25
Q

CCTV

A
  • modern form of the Panopticon
  • surveillance system
  • first requests made by the police at the start of their inquiries
  • has policy implications as acts a deterrent to prevent crime
26
Q

CCTV positives

A
  • college of policing - makes a small but statistically significant reduction in crime
  • many cases have been solved because of it - James Bulger case
27
Q

CCTV negative

A
  • has been shown to have no impact on violent crimes
  • Norris found CCTV has little effect other than displacement.
  • CCTV operators using racist stereotypes, singling out black youths for surveillance.
28
Q

multi-agency approach

A
  • cooperation between agencies within the criminal justice system is vital to increase detection and prevention of crime e.g safeguarding
29
Q

explain how social changes affect policy development

A
  • social values
  • norms
  • mores
  • technology
30
Q

social values

A
  • rules that are shared by most people in a culture or the ideas they hold in value
  • eg most people believe the elderly should be respected and you should give up your sear
31
Q

norms

A
  • social expectations that guide and explain peoples behaviour
  • vary from culture to culture
  • uk wear black and funeral, china wear white
32
Q

mores

A
  • morals or good ways of behaving
  • essential norms that society see as vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilized behaviour
  • eg everyone would agree that killing another person is wrong
33
Q

societies changing view regarding smoking

A
  • 1930 - social norm to smoke, glamorized and encouraged by doctors/ celebs , acceptable to smoke indoors
  • 1950 - link between smoking + lung cancer, peoples views changed
  • the health act 2006 -prohibits smoking in enclosed spaces
  • children and families act 2014- prohibits smoking in vehicles where children present
34
Q

technology

A
  • number of crime has increase as a result of developed technology
  • crimes that previously face-to-face now take place online
  • led to new modern crime
  • identity theft, phishing
  • social policies change to deal with new criminal activities
35
Q

immigration and racism

A
  • 1945- >20,000 non-white residents in UK
  • most residents have come to UK for economic opportunities (work, house)
  • windrush generation- many white people having stereotypes- dirty diseased, criminal
  • 1956- survey 1.5% of white would be willing to let to black tennant
  • race relations act- result of discrimination banned discrimination in public areas , 2010 replaced by equality act
36
Q

newspapers campaign

A
  • spread information and message
  • reach wide audience
  • gain interest
  • help the cause of the campaign
  • Sarahs law
  • year and a day law
  • Finns law
37
Q

Sarah’s law

A
  • 2000- 8 year old abducted and murdered by man on sex offender list, family say if they had known about him being in the area they would have protected her
  • parties involved - ‘news of the world’, her parents
  • campaign to have information about sex offenders made available to the public
  • newspaper published 50 names and faces of suspected sex offenders
  • government introduced child sex offender disclosure scheme 2011 in England and wales - parents make inquiries about named individuals, police reveal details confidentially
38
Q

Finns law

A
  • police dog stabbed on duty but no penalty because of the law
  • key parties - PC Dave Wardell - handler, newspapers - daily mail, metro
  • went on BGT and showed real footage of attack and in several newspapers
  • reached large audience, sharing shocking imagery and real life footage
  • new law - the animal welfare bill- if you kill service animal you can’t plead self defence
39
Q

individual campaigns

A
  • Ann Mings
  • Clare’s law
40
Q

Ann Mings campaign

A
  • double jeopardy law prevents second prosecution of the same offence after a conviction
  • julie murdered in 1989 both trials failed to reach a verdict, later confessed but no action could be taken to the murder only lying under oath
  • used politicians, press, tv and radio to publicise the case
  • criminal justice act 2003 - double jeopardy abolished fro 30 serious offences (murder,rape) allowing certain crimes to be retried
41
Q

Clare’s law

A
  • campaign to allow people to find out if their partner has history of domestic violence
  • Clare was killed by partner, father ran campaign as convinced she would still be alive if she knew about partners previous violence
  • domestic abuse disclosure scheme
42
Q

pressure group campaigns

A
  • inquest
  • the Howard league for penal reform
  • protection against stalking
43
Q

inquest

A
  • focuses on state-related deaths
  • eg police custody, immigration detention centers
  • 2011 riots
  • aims to ensure institutions are held accountable
  • carries out specialist casework to support bereaved people so they can establish the truth about death
  • use their research to press public bodies to change their policies
  • policy changes - extending the corporate act (2007) so it covers death in custody of public authorities
44
Q

protection against stalking

A
  • existing 1997 anti-harassment law didnt include stalking
  • clare bernal shot dead by her stalker 2005, her killer was due in court the following week for harassing her
    -victims werent taken seriously only 70 prosecutions in 10 years under the 1997 act
  • campaign that law wasn’t fit for purpose
    -PAS set up private parliamentary inquiry persuading MPs and peers from all parties to serve on it
  • inquiry hearing evidence from victims and relatives, academic experts, lawyers, police
  • gained support from all political parties
  • protection of freedoms act 2012 made stalking a criminal offence

criminology paper 2 (3 decks)

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