AC-Ch. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards
Fine, fibrous roots to take up water and minerals. Most are within the top 12 inches of soil.
Absorbing roots
Area at the base of a petiole, small branch, or flower where cellular breakdown leads to leaf, flower, or fruit drop
Abscission Zone
Abscission Zone’s two functions
- To enable leaf drop.
- To protect the region of the stem from which the leaf has fallen against desiccation and pathogen entry.
Bud arising from a place other than a leave axil or shoot tip, usually as a result of hormonal triggers.
Adventitious bud
Aboveground roots. Usually adventitious nature and sometimes having unique adaptive functions.
Aerial roots
Plant seeds born in an ovary. Consists of two large groups: monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
Angiosperms
Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
Anthocyanin
Substance applied to the foliage of plants to reduce water loss.
Antitranspirant
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot
Apical or terminal bud
Condition in which the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of the lateral buds on the same stem formed during the same season
Apical dominance
Growing point at the tips of shoots and roots
Apical meristem
Free spaces in plant tissue. Includes cell walls and intracellular spaces.
Apoplasm
Plant hormones or substance that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants. Produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips. Compounds may be synthetically produced
Auxin
Movement of water, minerals, or Photosynthates longitudinally within a tree.
Axial transport
Bud in the axil of a leaf. Lateral bud.
Axiliary bud
Raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of the trunk or parent stem and adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
Branch Bark Ridge
Area were a branch joins another branch or trunk that is created by the overlapping vascular tissues from both the branch and the trunk. Typically enlarged at the base of the branch.
Branch collar
(1) Small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower or shoot. (2) Undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristematic growing point.
Bud
Roots in the trunk base that help support the tree and equalize mechanical stress.
Buttress roots
Thin layer of meristematic cells that give rise to the phloem and to the xylem, increasing stem and root diameter.
Cambium
Compound, combining carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis.
Carbohydrate
Yellow, orange, or red pigment responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants.
Carotenoid
Long-chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants.
Cellulose
Green pigment of plants found in chloroplasts. Captures the energy of the sun and is essential in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
Specialized organelle found in some cells. Site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay organisms.
Compartmentalization
Meristematic tissue from which the Corky, protective outer layer of bark is formed.
Cork cambium
Waxy layer outside of the epidermis of a leaf that reduces water loss and resists insect damage.
Cuticle
Plant hormone involved in cell division, growth, shoot initiation, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes. Compounds producting similar activity may be synthetically produced.
Cytokinin
Tree or other plant that sheds all of its foliage annually.
Deciduous
Rounded or spreading growth habit of the tree crown
Decurrent
Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions
Differentiation
Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the annual ring
Diffuse porous
In a period of dormancy
Dormant
Xylem cells produced earlier in a season are larger and more dense than those produced later. The contrast between them is why seasonal growth appears as rings
Earlywood/Latewood
Study of the relationships among organisms and other living and non living elements of their environment
Ecology
Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point)
Epicormic
Tree or other plant that does not shed all of its foliage annually
Evergreen
Tree growth habit characterized by a central leader and a pyramidal crown
Excurrent
Elongated tapering thick walled cell that provides strength to wood
Fiber
Large divided leaf structures found in palms and ferns
Fronds
Plant growth produced as a response to the force of gravity (roots), or negative, as in opposite the direction of gravity (shoots)
Geotropism
Rings of xylem that are visible in a cross section of the stem, branches and roots of some trees. In temperate zones the rings typically represent one year of growth and are sometimes referred to as annual rings
Growth rings
Pair of specialized cells that regulate the opening and closing of a stomate due to a change in water pressure within cells
Guard cells
Plants with exposed seeds usually within cones
Gymnosperm
Wood that is altered from sapwood and provides chemical defense against decay-causing organisms and continues to provide structural strength to the trunk. Some trees do not have this
Heartwood
Bark that becomes embedded in a crotch between branch and trunk or between codominant stems causes a weak structure
Included bark
Cluster of flowers
Inflorescence
Region of the stem between two successive nodes
Internode
Vegetative bud on the side of a stem
Lateral bud
Root that arises by cell division in the pericycle of the parent root and then penetrates the cortex and epidermis
Lateral root
Point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem
Leaf axil
Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases
Lenticel
Organic substance that impregnates certain cell walls to thicken and strengthen the cell to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage
Lignin
Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place. Found in root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium and latent buds
Meristem
Symbiotic association between certain fungi and the roots of a plant
Mycorrhizae
Slightly enlarged portion of a stem where leaves and buds arise
Node
A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in a cell, much like an organ does in a body.
Organelle
Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential
Osmosis
Thin walled living cells essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, energy storage and production of protective compounds
Parenchyma cells
The outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it
Periderm
Stalk or support axis of a leaf
Petiole
Plant vascular tissue that transports Photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of bark just outside the cambium. Is bidirectional
Phloem
General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis
Photosynthate
Process in green plants by which light energy is used to form glucose from water and carbon
Photosynthesis
Influence of light on the direction of plant growth. Tendency of plants to grow toward light.
Phototropism
Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants. May be naturally produced or synthetic
Plant growth regulator
Substance produced by a plant that in low concentrations affects physiological processes such as growth and development often at a distance from the substance point of origin
Plant hormone
Root and stem growth in length. Occurs at the apical meristems and lateral meristems of all vascular plants
Primary growth
Process of increasing plant numbers both sexually and asexually
Propagation
Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem
Radial transport
Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense
Ray
Natural boundry formed chemically within a tree to separate damaged wood from existing healthy wood. Important in the process of compartmentalization
Reaction zone
In plants process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen
Respiration
Pattern of wood development in which the large diameter vessels are concentrated in the earlywood
Ring porous
Area where the main roots join the plant stem usually at or near ground level. Root collar
Root crown
Region at the base of a palm stem where lateral roots emerge
Root initiation zone
Dense network of roots near the base of a palm
Root mat
Outer wood (xylem) that is active in longitudinal transport of water and minerals.
Sapwood
Increase in root and stem girth or diameter. Occurs at lateral meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots
Secondary growth
Long slender phloem cell in gymnosperms
Sieve cell
Specialized phloem cells involved in Photosynthate transport. Exist only in angiosperms
Sieve tube elements
Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces.
Sink
Downward growing roots that provide anchorage and take up water and minerals
Sinker roots
In physiology, a plant part that produces carbohydrates. Most green parts are indicitive of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, including mature leaves and green bark.
Source
Small pores between two guard cells on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated
Stomata
Association of two different types of living organisms that is not detrimental to either, is beneficial to one, and often to both.
Symbiosis
Entire mass of protoplasm of all cells in a plant interconnected by plasmodesmata
Symplasm
Central, vertical root growing directly below the main stem or trunk that may or may not persist into plant maturity
Taproot
Region lying between the tropics and the poles that has relatively moderate temperatures
Temperate
Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot.
Terminal bud
Elongated, tapering xylem cell adapted for the support and transport of water and elements
Tracheid
Water vapor loss through the stomata of leaves
Transpiration
Tendency of growth or variation of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as gravity or light
Tropism
Small stem that provides a support structure for leaves, flowers, and fruit.
Twig
End to end, tubelike, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms
Vessels
Main water and mineral conducting tissue in trees and other plants. Provides structural support. Arises inward from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying. Unidirectional up only
Xylem
Name all the functions or the root system
Absorption, conduction, anchorage, storage & hormone production
Name the major layers of a tree from outside to inside in order
Bark phloem cambium xylem
