AC 3.3 Flashcards
What does recidivism mean?
Reoffending rates
What does access to resources mean in social control?
The ability to gain support (agencies) to decrease need to turn to crime?
What does the environment mean in social control?
The area in which hte offender is situated, which could affect their behaviour.
What are finances in terms of social control?
Money given by the government to tackle criminal behaviour.
Why are reoffending rates difficult to measure?
Published figures invaribly used reconviction as proxy measure. Does not account for dark figure of reoffending.
What are the overall reoffending rates for adults?
42% within a year of release
What is the reoffending rates for adults who have served sentences of less than 12 months?
58%
When does the chance of recidivsm increase by 36%?
Short sentences used rather than community sentence
What theory links to recidivism?
Right realism
Low sentence = low cost-benefit for offender for crime, therefore may not prevent it. Will then stop them from wanting rewards without having to work for them.
How does social learning theory link to recidivism?
Behaviour = imitated
Commited crime before = retention of crime + expect reward, therefore causing to reoffend
Links to overcrowding in prison = more people to look up to as models + learn behaviour. (Most over populated prison in the UK is Leeds at 173% capacity.
Why may short sentences limit access to support?
Lack of time for therapy, addiction, literacy, qualifcations, anger management courses in prison
Why may in indadequate resources lead to a lack of access to support?
May not be able to provide lessons & training, rehabilitation also limited = cannot get a job after prison and therefore turn to crime
Why did the 15% cut in prison officers lead to a lack of access to support?
- Increased lock up
- Less support
- Less training
- More time close to other criminals
Why may someone having no job after prison negatively impact rehabilitation outside prison?
Higher reoffending
No money = turn to crime for basic necessities
80% of ex-prisomners without a job after 6 weeks
70% without a job after 6 months
Why may the lack of home negatively impact offenders from rehabilitating outside prison?
Higher reoffending - vagrancy, sleep in places where they are not allowed to
Will have no permanent residence - not able to get a job
86% of ex-offenders housed at release
75% ex-offenders hosued at 3 months
Ex-offenders who were rough sleeping rose by 51.3% in 2022-2023
How does access to support link to Social Structure - Marxism?
Those who don’t have job or home - working class commit crimes us unable to afford to pay for necessities. Do not have access to the means.
How does the environment affect criminal behaviour?
Released from prison = have someone to live, then go back to crime as homelessness + rough sleeping increase
How do friday releases affect criminal behaviour?
More time at the weekend - unable to get a job or housing, so go back to committing crime. Also may socialise in a criminal group = influence on behaviour
How does the environment link to social structure - Marxism?
Past offenders maty not have somewhere to stay + unable to get a job = caused by capitalism
Why does a lack of funds on release affect criminal behaviour?
Will then have no money to buy food or somewhere to live - turn back to crime
How many fewer prison officers are there since 2010, and how may this affect criminal bheaviour in prison & once released?
10% less prison staff = high turnover
- Prisoners less safe in proson - not able to be monitored effectively
- Less support including rehabilitation + education
- Less social time - less survelliance
- No education to get a job + continue committing criminal behaviour
How many prison officers resigned in 2023 and how may this affect criminal behaviour?
9192 police officers resigned = highest no. in a financial year
Most common = voluntary (4575) compared to normal retirement at 3956
Moore criminal behaviour + encourage to commit crimes
How does finances link to strain theory?
Ex-offenders have opportunities blocked - no access to education to get a job, go back to committing crimes when they are released
What are civil liberties?
Freedoms we have under law
- Freedom of speech = express own opinion without censorship or punishment
- Freedom of movement = travel/live anywhere in UK without restriction (limited during covid)
- Protection against detention without trial = suspect/accused of crime (cannot be put in detention)
How does civil liberties link to the due process model?
Justice system is just/fair for all + does not infringe on rights
What is judicial review?
Individual challenge lawfullness of govt decision, can be unlawful/quashed - decision has to be made again
Court can order govt to change law or not to do something
What is the impact of judicial review on criminal behaviour?
Increase criminal behaviour as limits power of govt, people may not feel behaviour is a threat as can challenge it
Why did the goverment make the Terrorist Asset Freezing Bill in 2010?
Stop terrorists from purchasing equipment to commit terrorism + stop from leaving country
Not always fair as it is subjective - does not require a terrorist offence
Why did the Supreme Court overturn the Terrorist Assest Freezing Bill?
Under United Nations Act 1946
- Orders further than required by UN security council resolutions 1267 and 1373
- Leads to more criminality as terrorists still have access to bank accounts so can use resources + leave country
How does judicial review link to the due process model?
Prevents govt from restricting individual’s freedon + ensures all suspects are presumed innocent until proven guilty
Prevents individual from being detained without trial
What happens if someone is not a British citizen, can they always be deported?
If we know they will be persecuted in own country then they can’t be deported - ensure all human rights laws are followed
What happened in the case of Abu Qatada?
- Jordan national - came to UK 1993 + granted asylum 1994, convicted in Jordan for terrorism offences
- Govt decided to deport him to Jordan in 2007 for retrial
- Argued evidence gained using torture
- ECHR 2012 - not deported as would not have fair trial under Article 6 of European Convention
- 2013 - treaty signed between UK and Jordan to make sure evidence would not be used in trial
Stop people from having fear of govt - prison is safer in UK so not have fear of being punished
Why does left realism support civil liberties and human rights laws?
Ensure criminal justice system pmorotes fair justice, prevent freedoms from being restricted + ensure social justice, less gap between prolterait and bourgeioise
What are the types of stop and search used by the police?
Suspicion based, suspicion less
Suspicion based
* Reasonable grounds - stolen goods + prohibited articles
* Problems: stereotyping, young + black male 10% more likely - bias + racism from police
Suspicion-less
* Search in designated areas
* More items found in only that area so police focus - creates stereotyping of people in tgat area, 18x more likely for black people to be stopped under section 60
* Does not focus on other criminals e.g. gangs if main typography is being stopped
What are the limitations of stop and search?
Main limitation = focus on certain demographics leading to others not being searche
- Only 4% of stop and search under section 60 = ARREST
- Only 1% under section 60 = ARREST for weapons
- 13% under standard stop and search = ARREST
Shows it is not effective at social control as looking at wrong people
What was the Dangerous Dogs Act?
- Introduced in 1991 - pushed through Parliament before summer recess
- Series of fatal dog attacks - but did not address cause of dog bites + aggression
- Breed-specific - Pit Bull Terrier, Japanese Tosa, Dogo Argentio, Fila Brasileiro NOT genetic breed based
- No evidence that it had been effectuvie
- Limitation of social control as fails to address cause of dog bites as any dog can be aggressive
Why might a local police force choose to invest funding into specific crime techniques?
- Specific crime techniques as there are different types of crime that take place
- Coastal areas - businesses shut down for season - many people out of work
- London - focus on drug gangs + exploitation
- Essex - focus on knife crime & murder
Do police policies work?
Knife crime increased - 2017/18 introduced policy on kinife crime + stop and search = knife crime cases started going down HOWEVER when go back to original focus = cases go back up so only work in short term
What is a moral imperative?
Strongly felt principle - compel a person to act illegally
How did Kay Gilderdale’s case have a moral imperative?
Described as being loving mother - ended her daughter’s life as she cared for her + wanted her to not exeprience suffering
Why is prison not an effective punishment for Kay Gilderdale?
Would not stop moral view on assisted suicide + no protection to public, no retribution for daughter
How did the vivisection protestors have a moral imperative?
Wanted to protect beagles + stop from being brutally treated, used violence as being it would stop from taking place
Why is prison not an effective punishment for the vivisection protestors?
Would not deter from protesting as believe what they were doing was right + could possibily become martyr during prison. Also no retribution for victim as victim was beagles.
