AC 3.2 Flashcards
What are the key elements of CPTED?
- Natural survelliance: Watched from different angles
- Social management: Police own behaviour + encourage positive interactions in community
- Maintenance - well look after + clear boundaries
- Territorial reinforcement - areas look wanted, owned + cared for
- Natural access control: Line of determination, clear public/private areas
How does the Damilola Taylor case link to CPTED?
- Murdered in stairwell - lack of survelliance (CCTV)
- Age of tower block - public access to communal areas = unsafe
- Digital access systems would have prevented access to tower block
- Building was not cared for + later rebuilt - this invited crime
- Exposed brick walls - also dark
How does environmental design link to right realism?
Argues poor people are cause of crime = lieve in areas with higher crime as cannot afford to live somewhere else, if area is not cared for then more consciously likely to commit crime
Why are people less likely to commit anti-social behaviour in a gated lane?
Gate makes people feel like they are being watched = discourages crime from taking place
How does gated lanes link to functionalism?
Will always be people who deviate from norms - people who walk through gates less likely to commit crime as area is cared for so social rules in place, however, if lots of people deviated and committed crime in gated lanes it would lead to more crime
What is the panopticon?
High security prison - no communication with other prisoners or guards, constnat survelliance of prisoner
How does the panopticon link to right realism?
Harsh form of punishment = conciously chosen to commit crimes so responsible for consequences, deter crime
What is a category A prison?
High security
- Less time socialising - average 12hrs per day in cell
- Long term segregation for dangerous/at risk inmates
What is a category D prison?
Open prison
- Training for employment + education
- Minimal supervision - aimed at low risk inmates with smaller sentences
How do Category D (open prisons) link to left realism?
Crime results from impact of repviation - help to rehabilitate + give skills to get a job
What is token economy?
Rewarding prisoners for good behaviour - operant conditioning (positively reinforced for behaviour = repeat behaviour)
What are some examples of behaviour that need to be modified in prison?
- Physical fights
- Swearing
- Drugs
- Threatening behaviour
- Not clearing up after themselves
Examples of tokens used in prison?
- Food treats
- Access to TV
- Music, games, etc
- Phone calls to home
- More social time
- Cigarettes/vapes
How does token economies link to left realism?
Mimics society as rewards are like money - try to get job through legal means rather than using crime. Capitalism caused crime as people want what they cannot have.
What does ASBO stand for?
Anti-social behaviour order
What was the youngest age to get an ASBO?
Age 11
How many people breached their ASBO conditions?
Around 55% of people
What were ASBOs replaced with?
Civil injunctions + CBOs
What is an example of a failed ASBO?
Joseph McCann - seen on CCTV wrecking cars/throwing bricks - Manchester Council evicted family as breached tenancy. Received ASBO aged 14 - did not impact him and arrested for aggrevated burglary in 2008. Released in error + raped/abudcted women in 15 days after he was released. Described as “classic psychopath”.
What does a CBO focus on?
More serious offenders, criminal activist as well as anti-social behaviour + can only be used in conjunction wuth sentence already given
CBOs can also require offender going to rehab or giving up drugs
Breaching CBO can result in prison sentence of up to 5 years
How do ASBOs and CBOs link to labelling theoru?
Suggests individuals engage in crime which leads to offender being labelled. ASBOs and CBOs restrict this behaviour - affects labelling
What are some punishments than are given by courts?
- Fines:
- Community service
- Probation
- Short-term prison sentences
- Life sentences
What types of behaviours are not allowed in prison?
- Fights
- Racial attacks
- Threatening acts
- Locking someone up
- Damaging health
- Rudeness
- Stopping staff from doing jobs
- Escaping
What types of sanctions can be given in prison?
- Report: DIS 1 form - tells about offence and charge
- DIS 2 form: statement about what happened + write name of witnesses
- Will then go to hearing and say whether guilty or not guilty
What types of punishments can be given in prisons?
- Cautions
- Loose privileges
- Up to 84 days of earned money stopped
- Locked in cell for 35 days
- Payback punishment - unpaid-time limited projects
- Restrictions on social time
- Police budget cut by 19% = 20,000 les police
- CPS budget cut by 1/4 = lost 1/3 of staff
- Prison budget fell by 16% = staff levels 15%
How does this impact social control?
CPS will not have enough money to prosecute effectively + prisons understaffed = less rehabilitation = more reoffending taking place
How does the extra burdens of technology on the criminal justice system impact social control?
Have more work to do - takes a lot of time
Officers understaffed and can’t process evidence = miscarriages of justice
What else impacts social control?
- Only 1 in 4 rapes/attempted rapes reported
- 2.3 million domestic abuse cases in 2019-20 but only 759,000 reported
- White collar/corporate crime often unreported e.g. fraud, overcharing, environmental pollution
Police unable to put processes in place to prevent from taking place?
