AC 3.2 Describe the Contribution of Agencies in Achieving Social Control Flashcards
What are the 4 contributions/areas?
Design, Behavioural Tactics, Institutional Tactics, Gaps in State Provision
Describe a Crime-Preventing Housing Design and support with Stats
- Thick Buses to reduce visibility
- One gate access
- CCTV
- Good lighting e.g. motion sensing
- Strong reinforced door
- STAT = Home office research shows houses that used Secured By Design (SBD) scheme, had a 30% lower burglary rate
How does Prison Design contribute to Social Control? using example Pentonville
- Category B, Islington North London
- Education and training by Novus - improve literacy, numeracy, language skills, study for qualifications
- Works with Catch-22 to help prisoners involved with gangs
- ALSO - Panopticon = prisoner see guards but they can’t see prisoner, don’t know when being watched so must always behave as if they are
What is CPTED? with stats
- Crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment
- Therefore alter the physical environment so less crime will occur, e.g:
- Removing the overhead walkway in Lisson Green reduced crime rate by 50%
- Gates Lanes - Meta-Analysis by Sidebottom found they significantly reduced burglary rates
Which theories link to “By Design”? + stats
- Functionalism = Crime is the result of the structure of society, rather than the individual. So change the structure of society to change crime
- Broken Windows = If an area has signs of crime, anti-social behaviour and civil disorder then it creates an environment that encourages further crime and disorder, but more serious crimes.
- Oscar Newman Defensible vs Indefensible = Crime more likely to happen in indefensible spaces
- NYC 55% of crimes happen in public spaces
- Damilola Taylor case, murdered on stairway, dark and indefensible space
-TARGET Hardening policies
What are 2 behavioural tactics?
ASBO’s and Token Economies
How did ASBO’s work?
- Breaching their conditions was a crime, prison sentence up to 5yrs
- (H) Seen as a ‘badge of honour’ by youths so increased crime rates (Labelling Theory)
How do Token Economies work?
- Based on the principle of behaviour modification, reward desirable (non-criminal) behaviours
- Links to Behaviourism - reward positive behaviour sand punish negative ones
Institutional Tactics - Prison Rules + Punishments
Rules:
- hurting/threatening others
- stopping staff do their job
- causing damage
Punishments:
- Caution
- Remove privileges (e.g. TV)
- Stop earning money/job
- Confined to cell/isolation
Prison Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme
- Promotes conformity through rational choice, as rewarded for responsible behaviour
3 Levels:
1. Basic = prisoners who not abided by the behaviour principles
2. Standard = adequately abide by the principles
3. Enhanced = abide by the principles to a consistently high standard, so exceed the standard level
Examples of Institutional Tactics used by the Police
- Simple caution (warning), conditional caution (charged)
- On probation = formal warning or be referred to court
Which theories link to Institutional Tactics?
- Social learning theory (see others punished e.g. in workplace)
- Behaviourism (behaviour reinforcement)
What are the 4 areas within Gaps in State Provision?
- Government funding/budget cuts
- Unreported crime
- Technology
- Social Media
How does a lack of government funding affect social control?
- Can’t afford to set up gated alleyways and CCTV
- Not enough staff/high turnover to run token economies effectively
- Not enough police on streets to hand out ASBO’s or judges to enforce their conditions in court
How does unreported crime affect social control?
Resources are allocated to other areas/for other crimes which makes them less effective
How does technology affect social control?
- May also lack technology out in the field to catch criminals e.g. thermal camera drones, bodycams to protect officers
- Electronic crimes e.g. electronic car hacking, organised crime encrypted phones
How does social media affect social control?
Very difficult for agencies to maintain social control of social media platforms where people can be anonymous, messages are encrypted etc
