AC 3.2 Describe the Contribution of Agencies in Achieving Social Control Flashcards
What are the 4 contributions/areas?
Design, Behavioural Tactics, Institutional Tactics, Gaps in State Provision
Describe a Crime-Preventing Housing Design and support with Stats
- Thick Buses to reduce visibility
- One gate access
- CCTV
- Good lighting e.g. motion sensing
- Strong reinforced door
- STAT = Home office research shows houses that used Secured By Design (SBD) scheme, had a 30% lower burglary rate
How does Prison Design contribute to Social Control? using example Pentonville
- Category B, Islington North London
- Education and training by Novus - improve literacy, numeracy, language skills, study for qualifications
- Works with Catch-22 to help prisoners involved with gangs
- ALSO - Panopticon = prisoner see guards but they can’t see prisoner, don’t know when being watched so must always behave as if they are
What is CPTED? with stats
- Crime results partly from the opportunities presented by the physical environment
- Therefore alter the physical environment so less crime will occur, e.g:
- Removing the overhead walkway in Lisson Green reduced crime rate by 50%
- Gates Lanes - Meta-Analysis by Sidebottom found they significantly reduced burglary rates
Which theories link to “By Design”? + stats
- Functionalism = Crime is the result of the structure of society, rather than the individual. So change the structure of society to change crime
- Broken Windows = If an area has signs of crime, anti-social behaviour and civil disorder then it creates an environment that encourages further crime and disorder, but more serious crimes.
- Oscar Newman Defensible vs Indefensible = Crime more likely to happen in indefensible spaces
- NYC 55% of crimes happen in public spaces
- Damilola Taylor case, murdered on stairway, dark and indefensible space
-TARGET Hardening policies
What are 2 behavioural tactics?
ASBO’s and Token Economies
How did ASBO’s work?
- Breaching their conditions was a crime, prison sentence up to 5yrs
- (H) Seen as a ‘badge of honour’ by youths so increased crime rates (Labelling Theory)
How do Token Economies work?
- Based on the principle of behaviour modification, reward desirable (non-criminal) behaviours
- Links to Behaviourism - reward positive behaviour sand punish negative ones
Institutional Tactics - Prison Rules + Punishments
Rules:
- hurting/threatening others
- stopping staff do their job
- causing damage
Punishments:
- Caution
- Remove privileges (e.g. TV)
- Stop earning money/job
- Confined to cell/isolation
Prison Incentives and Earned Privileges Scheme
- Promotes conformity through rational choice, as rewarded for responsible behaviour
3 Levels:
1. Basic = prisoners who not abided by the behaviour principles
2. Standard = adequately abide by the principles
3. Enhanced = abide by the principles to a consistently high standard, so exceed the standard level
Examples of Institutional Tactics used by the Police
- Simple caution (warning), conditional caution (charged)
- On probation = formal warning or be referred to court
Which theories link to Institutional Tactics?
- Social learning theory (see others punished e.g. in workplace)
- Behaviourism (behaviour reinforcement)
What are the 4 areas within Gaps in State Provision?
- Government funding/budget cuts
- Unreported crime
- Technology
- Social Media
How does a lack of government funding affect social control?
- Can’t afford to set up gated alleyways and CCTV
- Not enough staff/high turnover to run token economies effectively
- Not enough police on streets to hand out ASBO’s or judges to enforce their conditions in court
How does unreported crime affect social control?
Resources are allocated to other areas/for other crimes which makes them less effective
