*AC 3.2 Flashcards
What are the two ways the built environment can affect crime levels?
- Influencing offenders
- Affecting people’s ability to exercise control over their surroundings
Dark alleyways and isolated stairways can influence offenders, while adding CCTV can enhance control.
What is natural surveillance in environmental design?
Designing the built environment to allow people to observe and monitor activity in public spaces
Examples include large windows and adequate lighting.
What strategies are used for territorial reinforcement?
- Landscaping and signage to demarcate property boundaries
- Distinct architectural features to create a sense of identity
These strategies can discourage criminal behavior.
Who is Oscar Newman and what is his contribution to environmental design?
An architect who argued that some spaces are defensible while others are indefensible
He identified areas where crime is more likely to occur, such as public stairways.
What are defensible spaces according to Oscar Newman?
Spaces with clear ownership boundaries, less likely to see criminal activity
Defensible spaces have territoriality, surveillance, and a safe image.
What theory did Ray Jeffery develop in the 1970s?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
He emphasized the role of the physical environment in influencing criminal behavior.
What did Alice Coleman find in her analysis of flats in London?
Poor design led to crime and suggested no further blocks should be built, each block should have its own garden, and overhanging walkways should be removed
Her findings led to a significant reduction in crime in areas where design changes were implemented.
What are the four key methods of CPTED?
- Surveillance (natural)
- Access control
- Territorial reinforcement
- Maintenance and upkeep
These methods aim to reduce crime and enhance safety.
What was the outcome of a CPTED intervention in a UK public housing estate?
32% reduction in overall crime and a 50% reduction in burglaries
The intervention included security cameras, improved lighting, and redesigning public spaces.
What is the Secured by Design Kite mark?
A certification that indicates a building meets new crime prevention standards
Homes with this designation experienced a 30% lower burglary rate.
What are gated lanes and their purpose?
Installed on alleyways to reduce opportunities for offending and deter criminality
Residents reported a sense of reclamation for their areas after installation.
What are some access control strategies in environmental design?
- Installing security cameras and alarms in high-risk areas
- Designing buildings with limited entrances and exits
- Using landscaping and physical barriers
These strategies aim to control access to private and public spaces.
What is the role of maintenance and upkeep in crime prevention?
Ensuring the built environment is well maintained to discourage criminal behavior and increase feelings of safety
Strategies include regular cleaning and encouraging property maintenance.
What is situational crime prevention (SCP)?
Involves target hardening by changing the environment to prevent crime
An example is adding barriers to prevent vehicles from accessing doors.
What are the limitations of CPTED?
- Focuses on defense from outsiders
- Cannot solve cyber crimes
- Not all individuals will look out for each other
- Some estates have a reputation for crime due to poverty
These limitations highlight challenges in applying CPTED universally.
What are American supermax jails designed for?
To provide long-term segregated housing for the most dangerous inmates
Example: Florence, Colorado holds notorious inmates in solitary confinement.
What is Bastoy in Norway known for?
A human ecological prison resembling a summer camp where prisoners live in a self-sustaining community
It has a lower re-offending rate compared to traditional prisons.
What are Anti Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs)?
Legal tools to address persistent anti-social behavior by prohibiting specific actions
Introduced in 1998, they could lead to fines or imprisonment for breaches.
What percentage of ASBOs were breached between 2000 and 2013?
58%
Over 10,000 orders were repeatedly breached during this period.
What are Community Behaviour Orders (CBOs)?
Legal tools similar to ASBOs introduced in Australia to address anti-social behavior with a focus on support services
CBOs are considered more flexible and targeted than ASBOs.
What is operant learning theory in the context of prison?
Rewards are given for obeying rules and engaging positively with staff
The goal is to form natural behavior upon release.
What types of segregation exist in prisons?
- Administrative segregation
- Disciplinary segregation
- Protective custody
Each type serves different purposes for inmate safety and discipline.
What effects did budget cuts have on police and prisons?
Police budgets cut by 19%, CPS budget cut by one quarter, prisons cut by 16%
These cuts can impact crime prevention and law enforcement effectiveness.
What is the reporting rate for rapes and attempted rapes?
Only 1 in 4 are reported
This highlights the issue of unreported crime in serious offenses.
