AC 2.2

Question 1

What is the definition of retribution?

Answer 1

Punishment

Question 2

What is the definition of rehabilitation?

Answer 2

Reforming people’s behaviour

Question 3

What is the definition of reformation?

Answer 3

Change

Question 4

What is the definition of recidivism?

Answer 4

Reoffending

Question 5

What is the definition of deterrence?

Answer 5

People avoiding something because of known consequences

Question 6

What is the definition of incapacitation?

Answer 6

Take away a persons freedom, protecting the public

Question 7

What is the definition of reparation?

Answer 7

Making something good

Question 8

What is the definition of denunciation?

Answer 8

Making an example out of something/someone

Question 9

What is sentencing?

Answer 9

The issuing of a punishment by a judge/magistrate when a defendant has been convicted of a crime

Question 10

What is the purpose of sentencing?

Answer 10

To ensure that the punishment fits the crime and it must be proportionate

Question 11

What are the 4 types of sentences?

Answer 11

Custodial (prison), community, fines, discharges

Question 12

What is individual deterrence?

Answer 12

Ensure that an offender does not reoffend

Question 13

What is general deterrence?

Answer 13

Prevent potential offenders from committing a crime, severity V certainty of crime

Question 14

What types of sentences are used to achieve deterrence?

Answer 14

Suspended sentence, harsh sentencing, denunciation

Question 15

How does deterrence link to right realism?

Answer 15

Target hardening (harder to commit an offence), rational choice theory (assumes offenders are rational actors, weigh up cost/reward)

Question 16

How does deterrence link to Social Learning Theory?

Answer 16

Individual deterrence- imitation not occurring if they see punishment happening, offenders can learn more crime in prison

Question 17

How does deterrence link to marxism?

Answer 17

Deterrence is inevitable given the capitalist society we live in, sentences given are a means to control the working class, they are more heavily policed compared to the upper class

Question 18

What are some criticisms of deterrence?

Answer 18

• recidivism rates suggest prisoners are not deterred by the possibility of further imprisonment
• assumes potential offenders know what the punishments are for offences
• assumes offenders act rationally, weighing up risks, some act irrationally and are driven by emotions

Question 19

What types of sentences are used to achieve retribution?

Answer 19

Custodial sentences, large fines, community sentences
- Each offence has a set sentence attached to it set out by the Sentencing Council

Question 20

How does retribution link to right realism?

Answer 20

Tough stance on crime, harsher punishments

Question 21

How does retribution link to functionalism?

Answer 21

Boundary maintenance- punishing the offender reminds everyone within society what is right and wrong

Question 22

What are some criticisms of retribution?

Answer 22

• does not seek to change behaviour, only punishes
• recidivism rates do not change for the better so punishment does not prevent more crime from occurring
• proportionality is subjective
• some offenders may deserve forgiveness

Question 23

What types of sentences are used to achieve rehabilitation?

Answer 23

Probation orders, community sentences, restorative justice

Question 24

How does rehabilitation link to individualistic theories?

Answer 24

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory- reward and punishment (token economies)
Eysenck’s Personality theory- favours the use of aversion therapy to deter offending
Cognitive theories- CBT

Question 25

What are some criticisms of rehabilitation?

Answer 25

- behaviour is not always guaranteed to change - offenders have freewill so can still go back to committing more crime

Question 26

What types of sentences are used to achieve reparation?

Answer 26

Community orders/sentences

Question 27

How does left realism link to reparation?

Answer 27

Practical measures to prevent crime, produce long term change to a more equal, caring society

Question 28

How does labelling theory link to reparation?

Answer 28

Helps to remove labels and being punished for secondary deviance

Question 29

How does functionalism link to reparation?

Answer 29

Making amends is essential for the smooth running of society (social cohesion)

Question 30

What are some criticisms of reparation?

Answer 30

- reparation may not work for all types of offences - homicide -> impossible to make reparations with the victim - some regard it as ‘too soft’ of a punishment

Question 31

What types of sentences are used to achieve denunciation?

Answer 31

custodial sentences, community sentencing

Question 32

How does functionalism link to denunciation?

Answer 32

Crime serves a purpose in society, setting of boundaries of acceptability towards crime strengthens social cohesion/willingness of society to cooperate with each other

Question 33

How does labelling theory link to denunciation?

Answer 33

View themselves as criminal so internalise the label and start acting and behaving in a way that mirrors the label. a cycle of self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 34

What are some criticisms of denunciation?

Question 35

What types of sentences are used to achieve incapacitation?

Answer 35

Custodial sentences, in some counties it can be capital punishment/death penalty

Question 36

How does right realism link to incapacitation?

Answer 36

Tough stance on crime, impose sentences to protect the public, social constraints on behaviour is weak

Question 37

How does Lombroso link to incapacitation?

Answer 37

Criminals are biologically different, should be exiled/kept away from the general public

Question 38

What are some criticisms of incapacitation?

Answer 38

- might be too harsh (depending on the crime) - leads to longer sentences with little hope of release, leads to a rising prison population - containment/risk management strategy, does nothing to deal with causes of crime/try to change behaviour of offenders