AC 2.1

Question 1

Social Control

Answer 1

• refers to the way peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
• involves forms of pressure to persuade or compel society
• ‘Agents of social control’

Question 2

Social Bond Theory- Hirschi

Answer 2

• influenced by Durkheim, believe that all humans suffer from weakness that makes them turn to crime
• social bonds encourage people to exercise social control
• if these social bonds are weakened or broken people will turn to crime

Question 3

4 Social bonds

Answer 3

1. Attachment- encourage conformity, weak relations in the family, peer groups and school encourage deviance
2. Commitments- the stronger the commitment the greater the conformity, someone with little confidence drift toward deviance
3. Involvement- legitimate activities, people with few activities are likely to engage in deviance
4. Belief- strong moral beliefs restrain tendencies, weak morals are vulnerable

Question 4

Containment Theory- Walter C. Reckless

Answer 4

• life contains many t’emparions to commit crime
• the individual must break out of inner and outer containment
• inner containment is self control
• outer containment is social control

Question 5

Key factors

Answer 5

• self concept- where the individuals image of themselves is either a person that adheres to the law or breaks it
• Goal orientation- a person having a sense of direction in life
• frustration tolerance- there maybe biophysical desire that urge to deviancy
• Norm retention- the adherence and acceptance of laws, codes, norms, customs…etc

Question 6

Rational ideology

Answer 6

• people used to be controlled socially through religious codes
• these are now legal frameworks and systems

Question 7

Coercion

Answer 7

Physical Coercion- takes the form of bodily injury, imprisonment and death penalty
- Non-violent Coercion- consists of strikes, can be a successful way of effecting social control

Question 8

Fear of punishment

Answer 8

Individual Deterrence- punishments imposed on offenders will ‘deter’ or prevent them from committing again
General Deterrence- the fear of punishment will prevent committing similar crime