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pharm 2 > Abx and infections pt.1 > Flashcards

Abx and infections pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Flora of Mouth

A

Gram +
› Viridans Group Streptococci
› Other Strep spps.
› Lactobacillus
› Actinomyces spps.
Gram-
› Prevotella spps.

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2
Q

gram state of most oral bac
* morph?
* Oxygen tolerance?
* Cell wall?

A

Gram Positive organisms:
* Bulk of oral bacteria
* Primarily cocci or irregular shape (pleomorphic)
* Oxygen tolerance varies from facultative anaerobes to strict anaerobes
* Cell wall has thick peptidoglycan layer

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3
Q

Three important genera of gram +

A
  • Lactobacillus
  • Streptococcus
  • Actinomyces
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4
Q

Actinomyces: O2, where?

A

Actinomyces - facultative anaerobe; periodontal pockets, dental plaques, on carious teeth

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5
Q

Lactobacillus -O2, where?

A

Lactobacillus - facultative anaerobe; produce lactic acid; role in dentine caries rather than enamel caries

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6
Q

Streptococcus - O2, where?

A

Streptococcus - facultative anaerobic cocci; produce lactic acid some implicated in caries

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7
Q

Streptococci Species in the Oral Cavity

A

Oral streptococci are referred to as viridans streptococci (Streptococcus viridans)
› Isolated from all sights of the mouth, each species has specific properties for
colonizing different oral sites
› Large proportion of resident microflora

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8
Q

bad streptococci of the mouth

  • Acid?
  • Highly associated with?
  • Bacterial communities collected from dentin carious lesions contain?
A

Strep mutans:
* Acidogenic (acid producing) and aciduric (acid tolerant) species
* Highly associated with caries (+++)
* Bacterial communities collected from dentin carious lesions contain notorious
acidogenic and aciduric species, including S. mutans, Scardovia wiggsiae, Parascardovia
denticolens, and Lactobacillus salivarius

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9
Q

good strep spp?

  • First oral organisms?
    *relation with us?
  • portective?
A
  • First oral organisms detected in newborn infants (primary colonizers)
  • Commensals
  • Peroxigenic (produce hydrogen peroxide) inhibits the growth of S. mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and other oral pathogens
  • often killed by abx

strep sinugiunas and viridans

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10
Q

Gram Negative organisms of the mouth
* Many Gram-negative bacteria found in the mouth, especially in?
* O2? most important ones are?
* E sources?
* Cell wall?

A
  • Many Gram-negative bacteria found in the mouth, especially in
    established/subgingival plaque ESTABLISHED INFECTIONS
  • Range of oxygen tolerance but most important strict or facultative anaerobes
  • Some fermentative, produce acids which other organisms use acids as an
    energy source, others produce enzymes which break down tissue
  • Cell wall different to Gram positive with a thin peptidoglycan layer, has B-
    lactamase which breaks down penicillin, also has LPS/endotoxin
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11
Q

gram - spp of oral cavity
what can they found with?

A
  • Porphyromonas: P. gingivalis major periodontal pathogen, produces collagenase
  • Prevotella: P. intermedia a periodontal pathogen
  • Fusobacterium: F. nucleatum periodontal pathogen
  • Actinobacillus/Aggregatibacter: A.actinomycetemcomitans associated with aggressive periodontitis and prduces leukotoxin while also enhancing osteoclast activity
  • Treponema: group important in acute periodontal conditions i.e ANUG
  • Neisseria
  • Veillonella
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12
Q

progression of oral infections

A

move from mainly gram+ aerobes to more gram - anerobes

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13
Q

what Abx works for all oral bac

A

augmentin

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14
Q

penicillin typical spectrum

A

mainly gram + (strep, actino, peptostrep) some gram - but possible resistance

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15
Q

what gram - can penicillin cover (possible R)

A
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16
Q

what gram - is not covered by penicillin

A

porphyromanas
bacterioides (anaerobes)
neiserria
aggregibacter

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17
Q

amoxicillin coverage

A

covers gram + (strep, lacto, actino, pepto)
good/SR with some gram -

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18
Q

what gram - can amox cover

A

neiserria

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19
Q

what gram - is not covered by amox

A

bacterioides (anaerobes)
aggregibacter

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20
Q

cephlexin coverage

A

viridans strep
strep spp
peptostrep
Lacto and actino are questionable

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21
Q

does cephlexin have any gram - cover

A

NO
questionable with prevotella and fuso

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22
Q

cefaclor spp coverage

A

viridans strep
peptostrep
strep spp
lacto
actino maybe
and gram - cover of fusobacterium and aggregibacter

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23
Q

clindamyacin coverage

A
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24
Q

what does clinda not cover

A

neiserria and aggregibacter

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25
Q

metro coverage

A
  • mainly gram - except for neiserria and aggregibacter
  • also covers peptostrep
  • can be combined with penicillin for similar effect as augmentin
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26
Q

when should we use augmentin

A

when amox fails

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27
Q

doxy cover

A

covers gram + and - except for neiserria and veillonella

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28
Q

what can be used for prohylaxis with G+ suspected

A

penicillin

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29
Q

what spp do penicillins not work on

A

lactobacillus
porphyromanas
bacteriodes
neiserria
aggrebacter

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30
Q

metronidazole works on what spp?

A

peptostreptococcus (only gram + one)
porphyromanas
prevotella
veillonella
fusobacterium
bacteriodies

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31
Q

Bacteriostatic

requires pt to have?

A

Bacteriostatic – Arrests growth of organism
* Must have active immune system

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32
Q

Bactericidal

A

Bactericidal – Kill the organism
* Neutropenic, Meningitis, Endocarditis

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33
Q

Bactericidal Abx’s

A

Cell Wall Inhibitors
*Beta Lactams
*Penicillins
*Cephalosporins

Inhibit DNA
*Fluoroquinolones
*Metronidazole

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34
Q

Bacteriostatic abx

A

* Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
– Macrolides
– Clindamycin
– Doxycycline

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35
Q

cidal or static w/ severe infection or supression

A

cidal

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36
Q

Concentration dependent

A
  • Higher concentration, more
    extensive/faster kill. Maximize peak
    concentation
    DOES HAVE PAE, may be due to increased WBC activity
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37
Q

Post-antibiotic effect

A
  • Bacterial suppression after antibiotic
    concentrations fall below MIC, usually in concentration dependent
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38
Q

Time dependent

A
  • The more time above the MIC, more
    inhibition. Maximize duration of
    exposure above MIC
    USUALLY NO PAE
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39
Q

Concentration versus Time Dependent affect?

A

how abx are dosed

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40
Q

Concentration dependent
* Higher concentration leads to?
* example abx’s?

A
  • Higher concentration greater killing, higher doses with less frequent dosing (1 or 2 a day)
  • fluoroquinolones, metronidazole
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41
Q

Time-dependent killing
* Concentrations need to be? lead to?
* More exposure leads to?
* No PAE:
* Some PAE:

A

Time-dependent killing
* Concentrations need to be reinforced, leading to more dosing (3 or more times a day)
* More exposure more killing
* No PAE: Beta-lactams
* Some PAE: clindamycin, azithromycin, tetracyclines

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42
Q

Optimizing Cephalexin Dosing
* Usual dosage range:
* dependent on?
* Half-life:
* Excretion:
* Cellulitis dose
* Cystitis dose
* Suggests minimum of hours of subtherapeutic blood concentrations with Q12hr dosing

A
  • Usual dosage range: 250 to 1,000mg every 6 hours or 500mg every 12 hours
  • Time Dependent Drug: works best the longer concentrations stay above MIC
  • Half-life: approximately 1-hour for adults
  • Excretion: Urine 80-100% as unchanged drug in 6-8 hours
  • Cellulitis: 500mg 4 times daily
  • Cystitis: 500mg twice daily
  • Suggests minimum 4-6 hours of subtherapeutic blood concentrations with Q12hr dosing
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43
Q

Amoxicillin Pharmacokinetics
adult dosing immeadiate and extended release
all dosing based on which formula?
what timeframe for dosing is usually used?

A

8hrs usually used

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44
Q

amoxicillin dosage for periodontitis

A
45
Q

Amoxicillin Pharmacokinetics
* absorbtion path
* rates of absorbtion based on formula
* distribution
* pro binding %
* t1/2 adults
* time to peak
* excretion

A
46
Q

Penicillin Allergy Problem
* Results in significantly more what abx’s?
* Collateral damage associated with?
* % higher cost of antibiotics
* length of hospitalization
drug-resistant organisms:
* % increased risk of MRSA infections
* % more VRE infections
* % increased risk of C. difficile infectio

A
  • Results in significantly more vancomycin, clindamycin, & fluoroquinolones
  • Collateral damage associated with reported penicillin allergy
  • 63-158% higher cost of antibiotics
  • Increase length of hospitalization, average 0.59 more total hospital days
  • Increased drug-resistant organisms
  • 69% increased risk of MRSA infections
  • 30.1% more VRE infections
  • 26% increased risk of C. difficile infectio
47
Q

Penicillin Allergy Statistics
~% of US outpatients & % inpatients self-report penicillin allergy
* Studies have found % of penicillin allergic patients tolerate penicillins
* % test positive for penicillin allergy using skin testing

A

~10% of US outpatients & 15% inpatients self-report penicillin allergy
* Studies have found 80-90% of penicillin allergic patients tolerate penicillins
* 10% test positive for penicillin allergy using skin testing

48
Q

study results of penicllin allergy (rate of anaphylaxis)

A

0.00044%; 1 in 225,706 exposures

49
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction Versus Allergy
Type A [Side Effect] - common?
* Predictable?
* Overdose
* Side Effect -
Type B [Allergy] - common?
* predictable?
* mechanisms

A

Type A [Side Effect] - common
* Predictable (pharmacologic action), Dose Related, Can Affect Anyone
* Overdose - Hepatic failure (acetaminophen)
* Side Effect - Nephrotoxicity (with aminoglycosides); diarrhea (amoxicillin)

Type B [Allergy] - uncommon
* Unpredictable (hypersensitivity reaction), Not dose related, Cannot affect anyone
* Anaphylaxis; photoallergy
* Antibody or T-cell Stimulatio

50
Q

Allergic-like” or “Pseudo-allergic” Reactions

A
  • Resemble allergic reactions; NOT Immune-mediated
  • Vancomycin ‘Redman Syndrome’; Morphine rash (due to alkaline state causing histamine release)
51
Q

rxns 1-4 and idiopathic

allergy Classification – Modified Gell and Coombs System

A
52
Q

Most Reported Reactions Inconsistent With Immunologically Mediated Hypersensitivity

A
53
Q

Low-Risk factors of Penicillin Allergy Assessment

A

utacaria may be a reuslt of viral infection and misinterpreted aas an allergy.
Low-risk allergy symptoms – most commonly rash and itching – likely do not represent true IgE allergy

54
Q

high risk factors of penicillin allergy

A
55
Q

Urticaria | Hives
Affects % of population at some point in their lives
* Viral infections cause % of all cases of acute hives in children

A

Affects 20% of population at some point in their lives
* Viral infections cause >80% of all cases of acute hives in children

56
Q

Low-risk allergy symptoms of penicillins
– most commonly rash and itching –
likely do not represent?

A

Low-risk allergy symptoms
– most commonly rash and itching –
likely do not represent true IgE allerg

57
Q

IgE mediated drug cutaneous rxns
* onset?
* itch?
* raised?
* lasts for?
* scar?

A
58
Q

benign t cell mediated cutaneous drug rxn
* onset
* itch
* lasts for
* resolution
*

A
59
Q

severe t cell mediated drug skin rxn
* onset
* tissues involved
* skin
* requires?

A
60
Q

low risk hx and action for penicillin allergies

A
61
Q

Questions to ask when assessing an allergy
 Describe reaction
 route?
 How long ago?
 Timing of reaction?
 tx?
 Use of what before reaction?
 Use of what since reaction?

A

 Describe reaction
 Administered PO or IV?
 How long ago did the reaction occur?
 Timing of reaction?
 Immediate (< 4hrs)
 Delayed (>24 hrs)
 Any treatment required?
 Use of penicillins or cephalosporins before reaction?
 Use of penicillins or cephalosporins since reaction?

62
Q

Time Elapse Since Adverse Response
Patients positive (skin test) for penicillin allergy
* 1-year later % have a negative response
* 5-years later % have a negative response
* 10-years later % have a negative response

A
  • 1-year later 10-20% have a negative response
  • 5-years later 50% have a negative response
  • 10-years later 80% have a negative response
  • decreased repsonse with increased time
63
Q

Penicillin-Cephalosporin Cross-Sensitivity
Classic Teaching, % Penicillin-Cephalosporin cross-reactivity
* Based on studies in?
* 1980’
* Early cephalosporins contaminated with?

A

Classic Teaching, 10% Penicillin-Cephalosporin cross-reactivity
* Based on studies in 1960s and 1970s
* 1980’s cephalosporin purification techniques developed
* Early cephalosporins contaminated with penicillins: derived from Acremonium mold

64
Q

ADRs of non-Beta lactams compared to beta lactams, significance of this?

A

‘Non-beta-lactam antibiotics were associated with more adverse drug
reactions than penicillins or cephalosporins, independently of the penicillin skin test result.

Cephalosporins can be used as safely or more safely than non-beta-lactam antibiotics in penicillin skin test positive and negative individuals.

65
Q

does ceph cause allergic rxns in those with a hx cillin rxns

A

very unlikley (0,002%)

66
Q

Penicillin-Cephalosporin Side Chain Comparison and cross reactivity

A

amox and ceph are similar

67
Q

Penicillin-Cephalosporin Similar R-side Chain
Cephalosporins without similar side chains to penicillin considered?
* A reaction may occur by?
* Risk similar to?

A

Cephalosporins without similar side chains to penicillin considered low risk and safe in patients with reported history or positive skin test
* A reaction may occur to a cephalosporin by coincidence
* Risk similar to developing a reaction to sulfonamide antibiotic

68
Q

» Cephalexin (Keflex) has a similar side chain to?
» Cephalosporins that DO NOT have similar side chains to penicillins:

A

» Cephalexin (Keflex) has a similar side chain to amoxicillin
» Cephalosporins that DO NOT have similar side chains to penicillins: IV Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Cefdinir

69
Q

Penicillin Allergy Summary
* True allergy?
* Review?
* Family history of penicillin allergy, GI symptoms, headache, yeast infection?
* Hive and non-hive rash reports [not SJS-like]?
* Severe/high-risk reactions [e.g. SJS, Anaphylaxis-like, DRESS, Serum sickness?

A

ñ True allergy (IgE) is rare; Penicillin-Cephalosporin cross-reactivity NOT 10%
ñ Review the documented allergy or Interview the patient

  • Family history of penicillin allergy, GI symptoms, headache, yeast infection
    ►Not Allergy
  • Comfortable giving any penicillin or cephalosporin
  • Hive and non-hive rash reports [not SJS-like]
    ►Likely not Type-1 Allergy
  • May give amoxicillin, especially with distant history and penicillin benign skin reaction
  • Can use a cephalosporin without concern
  • Severe/high-risk reactions [e.g. SJS, Anaphylaxis-like, DRESS, Serum sickness]
    ►Type-1 or CTC Allergy
  • Use an alternative antibiotic [reasonable to consider later generation cephalosporin]
70
Q

2021 AHA Statement for those with cillin allergies

A

More cautious approach- not to use cepph in those with hx to pencillin allergies (anaphylaxis, utacaria, angioedema)

71
Q

when would ceph not be used in those with a hx of rxns to cillins? what is used instead

A

use macrolides or doxy

72
Q

best anti-infectives?

A

B-lactams

73
Q

Beta-Lactams classes

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
74
Q

penicillins names

A
  • Penicillin
  • Amoxicillin/Ampicillin
  • Dicloxacillin
  • Piperacillin
75
Q

ceph names

A

Cephalexin (Keflex)
* Cefuroxime (Ceftin)
* Cefaclor (Ceclor)
* Cefprozil (Cefzil)
* Cefdinir (Omnicef)

76
Q

carabpenems names

A

Ertapenem | Imipenem | Doripenem | Meropenem

77
Q

B-lactam Mechanism of Action

A
78
Q

Beta-Lactams
* MOA:
* ALL BETA LACTAMS ARE?
* common?
* Side-chains account for?
* placenta/breast
* excretion

A
  • MOA: Binds to Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs); block cell wall
    synthesis causing the walls to leak; lower cell death threshold
  • ALL BETA LACTAMS ARE BACTERICIDAL
  • Most used & effective antibiotics with least toxicity.
  • Side-chains account for differences: acid stability, absorption, spectrum,
    susceptibility to beta-lactamases
  • Cross placenta and distributed into breast milk
  • High renal excretion
79
Q

penicillin are sensitive to?

A

beta lacatamase

80
Q

natural penicillins

A

penicillin G and VK

81
Q

natty penicillins work on:

A

Primarily - gram-positive Strep. species: Strep. viridans, Group A Strep, and anaerobic (Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus sp.); activity against Actinomyces spps.

82
Q

extended spectrum aminopenicillins

A

ampicillin and amxoicillin

83
Q

extended spectrum aminopenicillins work on?

A

same as natty but Improved Oral absorption and gram negative coverage

84
Q

Resistance Mechanisms

A

– decrease abx uptake

– enzymatic modification/degradation

– target modification

– bacterial overproduction

85
Q

decreased abx uptake

A
  • efflux pumps
  • membrane permea
86
Q

– enzymatic modification/degradation

A
  • beta-lactamases
  • transferases
  • redox processesbility changes
87
Q

– target modification

A
  • altered PBP
  • RNA modification
  • DNA gyrase mutation
88
Q

efflux pumps may affect

A

b lacs and marcolides

89
Q

RNA mod may affect

A

macrolides and clindamyacin

90
Q

Beta-Lactamase

A

hydrolyzes beat lactam ring of penicillins= degradative

91
Q

how much abx do dentist rx

A

3rd most

92
Q

An Evaluation of Dental Antibiotic Prescribing
Practices in the United States: what abx are commonly prescribed

A
93
Q

Respiratory Infections (acute otitis media; pneumonia) resistance
* S. pneumoniae resistance to azithromycin >% in U.S.
* S. pneumoniae resistance to amoxicillin ~% in U.S.
* S. pneumoniae resistance to smx-tmp ~% in U.S

A
  • S. pneumoniae resistance to azithromycin >40% in U.S.
  • S. pneumoniae resistance to amoxicillin ~20% in U.S.
  • S. pneumoniae resistance to smx-tmp ~30% in U.S
94
Q

Urinary Tract Infections resistance stats
* E. coli resistance to amoxicillin ~% in U.S.
* E. coli resistance to smx-tmp ~% in U.S.
* E. coli resistance to fluoroquinolones ~% in U.S.

A
  • E. coli resistance to amoxicillin ~50% in U.S.
  • E. coli resistance to smx-tmp ~30% in U.S.
  • E. coli resistance to fluoroquinolones ~30% in U.S.
95
Q

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors names

A
  1. Clavulanate (Paired with Amoxicillin)
  2. Sulbactam (Paired with Ampicillin)
  3. Tazobactam (Paired with Piperacillin)
96
Q

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors moa

A

● Mechanism of action:
■ Irreversibly bonds with beta-lactamase, more attractive ring
■ “Ties up” all beta- lactamase.
■ Allows the antibiotic to persist and extends
activity to B-lactamase producing pathogens

97
Q

what abx can be used with b lactamase

A

ceph and augmentin

98
Q

can we use b lactams with mutated PBP (S. aureus)

A

no

99
Q

beta lactamase inhibiotrs extended coverage,what oral infections often need this? what spp is present?

A

Extends coverage, more Gram Negatives, anaerobes, & Staph.
 Bacteroides spps. (common to oral abscesses) produce B-Lactamases

100
Q

Augmentin™-

A

Augmentin™- amoxicillin+clavulanate = more gram negatives, anaerobes, & Staph.:
●Dental infections with abscess or failed amoxicillin

101
Q

B-lactamase Resistance (MSSA) Versus MRSA

A
102
Q

augmentin and amoxicillin dosage

A
103
Q

therapeutic Spectrums

A
  • Narrow - act on single organism or type of organisms
    ex. Penicillin
  • Extended Spectrum - works on gram positives and also some gram negatives
    ex. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
  • Broad Spectrum - affect a wide variety of organisms.
    ex. Clindamycin › May cause “superinfections” of unaffected microbes or fung
104
Q

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
Pediatric Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea

A
  • 35 articles reporting on 42 studies were included for analysis
  • 33 trials reported on amoxicillin/clavulanate
  • 6 trials on amoxicillin
  • 3 trials on penicillin V
  • In total, the 42 trials included 7729 children treated with an oral penicillin
    about 19.8% incidence
105
Q

Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea

A

seen in 25% with 250: Amoxicillin 250 mg /clavulanate 62.5mg per 5mL

106
Q

reducing augmentin shits

A

Goal 14:1 ratio of amoxicillin to clavulanate to lessen this side effect
ideal: 600: Amoxicillin 600 mg /clavulanate 42.9mg per 5mL *

107
Q

cephlasporins allergies with time

A

decreased as purfication techniques enhanced

108
Q

amoxicillin dosing

A
109
Q

augmentin dosing

A

pharm 2 (20 decks)

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