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Physiology > Absorption and Secretion > Flashcards

Absorption and Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

the use of ATP directly for active transport is known as what?

A

primary active transport

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2
Q

the use of ATP indirectly to form an ion gradient for active transport is known as what?

A

secondary active transport

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3
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase, H+ ATPase, H+/K+ ATPase, and Ca2+ ATPase are examples of what kind of transporters?

A

primary active transporters

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4
Q

Na+/glucose co-transporters (SGLT1, SGLT2) and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) are examples of what kinds of transporters?

A

secondary active transport

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5
Q

what are the two main pathways that substances moves across the tubular epithelia into the renal intersitial fluid?

A

paracellular and transcellular pathways

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6
Q

tubular reabsorption in which substances cross peritubular capillary membranes back into the blood is known as what?

A

bulk flow

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7
Q

what forces mediate bulk flow?

A

hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces

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8
Q

transcellular movement can either be via _______ ________ or ______ ______

A

passive diffusion or active transport

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9
Q

in the proximal tubule Na+/K+ ATPase on basolateral side pumps Na+ ____ of the cell and K+ _____the cell to create charge of ____ mV in cell

A

out, in, -70

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10
Q

in the proximal tubule the passive diffusion of Na+ from the lumen into the cell is due to what two factors?

A

the concentration gradient of Na+ and the negative intracellular potential

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11
Q

what two things are reabsorbed due to co-transport with Na+ and what kind of transporters are used?

A

AA and glucose via secondary active transporters

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12
Q

approximately what % of reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule?

A

65%

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13
Q

what two major organic compounds are almost completely reabsorbed by the FIRST HALF of the proximal tubule?

A

Na+ co-transport with glucose, AA

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14
Q

what major reabsorption occurs in the SECOND HALF of the proximal tubule?

A

Na+ co-transport with Cl-

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15
Q

in the proximal tubulue the amount of Na+ decreases along it’s length but the conc remains constant, why?

A

because water moves with sodium, conc therefor doesn’t change

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16
Q

what is the glucose threshold in plasma?

A

200 mg/dL

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17
Q

which occurs first, glucose threshold or glucose transport maximum?

A

glucose threshold

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18
Q

glucose in urine is known as….

A

glucosuria

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19
Q

when would glucosuria occur?

A

DM or a non-diabetic having a large sugar rich-meal in a high stress situation

20
Q

roughyl what precent of uric acid is reabsorbed?

A

90%

21
Q

what condition occurs when uric acid reabsorption is excessive and blood urate levels become elevated?

A

gout

22
Q

excretion of uric acid can be enhanced by what class of drugs to treat gout?

A

uricosurics

23
Q

what do uricosurics do?

A

block the reabsorption of uric acid

24
Q

name three common uricosurics

A

Probenecid, Benzbromarone, and Sulfinpyrazone

25
Q

what drugs inhibit carbonic anhydrase in cells and in lumen, blocking NaHCO3 recovery?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

26
Q

the descending loop is highly permeable to reabsorption of what?

A

water and most solutes

27
Q

the thin ascending loop is permeable and imperermable to reabsorption of what?

A

impermeable to water (water can’t leave) and slightly soluble to some solutes but less than the thick ascending loop

28
Q

the thick ascending loop is permable and impermable to the reabsorption of what?

A

impermeable to water (water can’t leave) and permeable to most solutes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, bicarbonate, Mg2+

29
Q

what class of drugs inhibit action of Na+/2Cl-/K+ co-transporter in the thick ascending loop of henle?

A

loop diuretics

30
Q

since loop diuretics Inhibit action of Na+/2Cl-/K+ co-transporter in the thick ascending loop they ______Na+, Cl-, and K+ excretion and ______ water reabsorption

A

increase and decrease

31
Q

volume depletion, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia are side effects of what class of drugs?

A

loop diuretics

32
Q

what class of drugs inhibit the action of Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the distal tubule?

A

thiazide diuretics

33
Q

what are the two main cell types that make up the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule?

A

principal and intercalated cells

34
Q

what cells in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule reabsorb Na+ and water but secretes K+ into the lumen?

A

prinicpal cells

35
Q

what cells in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule reabsorb K+ and secrete H+ into the lumen?

A

intercalated cells

36
Q

what are the two major classes of K+ sparing diuretics?

A

aldosterone antagonists and Na+ channel blockers

37
Q

What do aldosterone antagonists do?

A

block aldosterone which decreases the expression of Na+/K+ ATPase and other channels, thus retaining K+

38
Q

what to Na+ channel blocker do?

A

block Na+ channels which are the driving force for K+ secretion, thus retaining K+

39
Q

where is the final site for urine processing?

A

the medullary collecting duct

40
Q

water permeability in the medullary collecting duct is controlled by what hormone?

A

ADH

41
Q

is the medullary collecting duct permeable to urea?

A

yes

42
Q

The medullary collecting duct is very important for the secretion of what ion that is key in acid-base regulation?

A

H+

43
Q

what class of drugs increases osmolarity of tubular fluid and inhibits water and solute reabsorption?

A

osmotic diurteics

44
Q

Proximal tubules are active in the SECRETION of many ________

A

organic acids and bases

45
Q

p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) is so readily secreted that >___% is cleared from blood in one pass through kidneys

A

90

Physiology (4 decks)

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