ABSITE KILLER

Question 1

Type I Error

Answer 1

Reject null hypothesis incorrectly
An alarm without a fire
Villagers believing there is a wolf

Question 2

Type II Error

Answer 2

Accept null hypothesis in error
A fire without an alarm
Villagers not believing there is a wolf when there is

Question 3

Type III Error

Answer 3

Conclusions not supported by data

Question 4

Non random assignment to treatment group

Answer 4

prospective cohort study

Question 5

Prevalence

Answer 5

of patients having the disease in the population

Question 6

Incidence

Answer 6

of newly diagnosed cases in a population in a given time period

Question 7

Sensitivity

Answer 7

ability to detect disease = 
# with disease and positive test result / 
# that have disease (true positive)

a/(a+b)

Question 8

Specificity

Answer 8

ability to state no disease is present =
# with no disease and negative test result /# without disease (true negative)
d/(b+d)

Question 9

Source of fever in atelectasis

Answer 9

Alveolar Macrophages

Question 10

Kreb’s cycle

Answer 10

38 ATP from 1 glucose (anaerobic glycolysis = 2 ATP and lactate)

Question 11

Rate limiting step in cholesterol formation (in liver, steroid precursor):

Answer 11

HMG coA Reductase

Question 12

1st muscle to recover from paralytics

Answer 12

diaphragm

Question 13

Chief cells

Answer 13

produce pepsinogen (inhibits proteolysis)

Question 14

Parietal cells

Answer 14

produce H+ & intrnsic factor which bind B12 (absorbed in TI)

Question 15

Stimuli for H+ production from stomach

Answer 15

ACh, gastrin, histamine

Question 16

How does ACh and gastrin increase HCl production

Answer 16

Activate PIP, DAG to increase calcium, activates protein kinase C

Question 17

How does Histamine increase HCl production

Answer 17

Acts on parietal cells via cAMP (Happy cAMPer)

Question 18

Contents of bile

Answer 18

80% bile salts, 15% lecithin, 5% cholesterol.

Stones form if incr chol or decr salts or decr lecithin.

Question 19

Primary bile acids:

Answer 19

Primary bile acids: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid

Question 20

Secondary bile acids

Answer 20

Secondary (formed by intestinal bacteria): deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

Question 21

primary stimulus of pancreatic bicarb secretion

Answer 21

Secretin: High flow rate = high bicarb, low Cl. Slow flow allows HCO3/Cl exchange so low HCO3, high Cl concentration

Question 22

Mechanism of PPI

Answer 22

blocks H/K ATPase of parietal cell

Question 23

Most common symptom post-vagotomy

Answer 23

diarrhea

Question 24

Early Dumping Syndrome vs Late

Answer 24

early due to hyperosmotic load, fluid shift; late due to increased insulin with decr glucose. Very rare (1%) that dumping is unresponsive to dietary measures

Question 25

inhibits acid secretion

Answer 25

Peptide YY: released from terminal ileum with mixed meal, inhibits acid secretion “ileal brake”