Aboriginal

Question 1

The Papal Bull “Inter Caetera,”

Answer 1

issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World. The document supported Spain’s strategy to ensure its exclusive right to the lands discovered by Columbus the previous year

Page: Bring under the sway

Question 2

case Johnson v. McIntosh

Answer 2

Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in the unanimous decision held “that the principle of discovery gave European nations an absolute right to New World lands.” In essence, American Indians had only a right of occupancy, which could be abolished

Question 3

Cyclic Perspective

Answer 3

Original relationship –> Down Cycle –> Low Point –> Up Cycle

Question 4

Four stages of determining relationship between indigenous and non indigenous

Answer 4

Stage 1: Separate worlds
Stage 2: Contact to Co-operation
Stage 3: Displacement and Assimilation
Stage 4: Negotiation and Renewal

Question 5

Hudson’s Bay Company Royal Charter 1670

Answer 5

Wanted to create good relations with indigenous because they understood they needed them in order to help trade.

Question 6

Vacuum domicilium

Answer 6

Legal Doctrine that unoccupied territory is susceptible to being claimed.

People without laws or a legal system are not a people

Question 7

Triangular trade wind

Answer 7

Winds that help move trade across the Atlantic down the coast of Africa and back across the Atlantic

Question 8

Rituals of Possession

Answer 8

Rituals that Europeans supposedly did when claiming territory when coming to the new world. Would lie and say that indigenous people were present when the rituals would happen to try and legitimize it. No legal backing.

Question 9

Terra Nullius

Answer 9

Land was Empty

Question 10

Terra Nullius

Answer 10

Land was Empty

Question 11

Peter Jones

Answer 11

1861 Writes a book about ethnography of his culture, visits Queen Victoria

Question 12

Frank G Speck

Answer 12

Had a great relationship with Natives, have them come speak in his class, incredible interest in documenting hunting grounds.
- described in page and pages of hunting ground information
- in 1910 stood up and said these people have property, interested in dress and culture and language but he is the first to questions the ownership. Documents hunting ground property.
Created shockwaves when he published it in 1910.
- his work still is not received well, one of the most controversial papers ever produced.
Indigenous peoples Speck found them documented some examples and yeah there are some other who have said this

Question 13

Who are the six nations?

Answer 13

Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora

Question 14

Dudum Siquidem

Answer 14

Sept 26, 1493

The need for fortification and structures to really claim that you own a piece territory.

Question 15

Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah Bowh

Answer 15

George Copway
Ojibway Chief
“No one was allowed to hunt on another’s land, without invitation or permission.”

Question 16

Charles Big Canoe

Answer 16

Example describing his family hunting grounds

Question 17

Yellowhead

Answer 17

Example will and ownership passing stuff on to children

Question 18

Common Property Resource

Answer 18

Locally constituted usage rules
defined user group with limited access
By nature a sustainable

Question 19

13 Moons

Answer 19

Their calendar

turtle shell

Question 20

Great White Pine Vine

Answer 20

roots are subculture the shade of the tree

metaphor for confederacy

Question 21

Animism

Answer 21

Believe everything has a spirit or soul

Question 22

Great Law of Peace

Answer 22

a form of written communication that outlines a complex system of checks and balances between nations and sexes. According to A Basic Call to Consciousness, pub-lished by Mohawks at Akwesasne, “Peace was to be defined not as the simple absence of war or strife, but as the active striving of humans for the purpose of establishing universal justice. Peace was defined as the product of a society which strives to establish concepts which correlate with the English words
Power, Reason, and Righteousness”

Question 23

the orient

Answer 23

Find the east by going west

The idea of a Northwest passage

Question 24

Samuel De Champlain

Answer 24

he was greeted by a large group of Aboriginal people, including members of the Huron (Wendat) and Algonquin (Anishinabe) nations. They asked Champlain to assist them in their campaign against the Onondaga and Oneida nations, which posed a constant threat to fur trade routes along the upper St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers.

Got a plan to burn hole in wall

Native man instead runs to wrong side showing his bravery

Champlain angry but doesn’t understand war ritual of natives

Gets shot by an arrow

Question 25

The Three Sisters

Answer 25

corn, beans and squash
corn supports climbing beans and beans fixate nitrogen into the soil, only a few plants that do this and beans are one of the few plants that do this.
- plant the squash in order to keep moisture in and the thorns also keep raccoons and other possible invaders

Question 26

Covenant Belt Wampum

Answer 26

• Dutch came with trading boats to trade with the Haudenosaunee
• bow of the European vessel to the great white pine tree of Onandaga
• symbolizing their unionship, alert the dutch to come help
• the English took over new Armsterdam, asked if they would take up the covenant chain in replace with the Dutch.
• when relationships are good they talk about sparkling the chain is
• when relationships are deterioting than the chain is considered to be rusting
• polish the chain to remove rust, and renew the bounds of the friendship
• they will never try insert their sovereignty of another nation, commerce will not interfere with each other
• they develop two role wampum belt as an additional statement
  > two purple rows, two ships floating river one British one Haudensaunee
  >live in parallel never encroaching the other party.

Question 27

Why were the Haudenosaunee so aggressive?

Answer 27

> Haudensuanee had haunted all the beaver below lake Ontario and they needed new Beaver territory
southern beaver produces a less robust pelt opposed to those beavers in the north.
Iroquis sought to wipe out the wendat people to have inclusive territorial access to those rich beaver hunting grounds.
they have now become capitalist that seek economic benefit.
contradicts what is known about the Iroquis
if a few people were killed they called it quits.
Haudensuannee had left 50% of population in small pocs epidemic
- Haudensaunee after went to war for condolence
capturing people to adopt into their families.
children replacing children even taking on the names of the deceased
- not a war of capitalism but their desire to maintain their population through a form of aggressive adoption to replenish from small pocs epidemic
because of this they are the most mixed native group.

Question 28

Two Row Wampum

Answer 28

• first agreement between the indigenous people and Dutch
• 1600s
• Represents a river
• Indigenous people travelling down river and we were not affecting one another living same life but not interfering
• Did not happen that way

Question 29

Royal Proclamation 1763

Answer 29

• stopped Europeans buying land off natives only could be bought by crown
  Proclamation drawing a line from top of florida all the way to nova scotia
  Everything on Alantic coast is surrendered territory. You surrendered to the French and than when we conquered the French we claim conquest to all them. Problem they never actually surrendered to the French.
  If you cross line than you are breaching the proclamation and they should be picked up and returned to be prosecuted. Only purpose to cross the line into Indian country, unless for commercial reasons like fur trade
  >they will be given lots of notice over proposed surrender of the land
  > official recognized leaders of the indigenous nations
  > open council will discuss land surrenders to that there is no confusion
  > all this will be written down in the British one copy for British and one for Indigenous nation.
  > went on until 1921 Calgary treaty is 6
  > First nations free to put for their own terms, often included things they refused to surrender, harvesting rights, in treaties first nation would express their terms

Royal establishies princlpes of modern day treaty making, you cannot purchase Indian land because subject to the proclmaamtion they have been subject to great abuses, only the crown can ourchase these lands, and the Indians are the propriorter of the land, with their leadership but actual hereditary peoples, land transaction to be recorded in writing and by implication wampum, and the area covered is to marched out by a British surveyor who has in his company an indigenous person, there shall be a fare payment for the land, no sharp dealings and the indigenous people can reserve whatever rights they wish in the negotiations, may reserve fish, maple sugar bushes

Question 30

Reserves

Answer 30

• make indigenous peoples farmers
• get away from expansion
• get them out of the way/ a way to show ownership that was really far away
• Inuit relocation program to claim territory in the Artic circle
• promised them theyd be taken care for but did not and many of them passed
• shuttle around the country for the purposes of the federal government
• Indigienous people rounded up because they were in the way
• illegal for natives to leave their reserves

Question 31

Indian Agent

Answer 31

, direct link on reserve to federal government, had to get a note from this person if you wanted to leave the reserve

Question 32

Indian Act

Answer 32

• most racist

- if an Indigenous women married a non native man she lost her identity

Question 33

Two Twin Children

Answer 33

Tawiskaron (Bad) and Okwiraseh (Good)

Question 34

Haldimand Tract

Answer 34

• 13th colonist did not want to pay taxes
• British fighting war on own continent
• asked Haudensaunee to fight for British
• losts against the Americans so they give them Haldimand Tract
• Mohawk (950 square acres less than 5% left)
• this land was actual mississsuaga sold to British to give to mohawks

Question 35

Doctrine of Discovery 1493

Answer 35

• gives license to Christians to take land
• only Christians can own land
• health of souls be cared for and overthrown
• basis of how Europeans got around with natives being there
• foundation of natives getting screwed.

Question 36

Hudson Bay Company rival?

Answer 36

English merchants establish north west company
intense rivalry between HBC, would actually shoot each other
- mercher 1821 becomes known solely HBC
> terrible period for indigenous lost their ability to play one off the other.

Question 37

Trudeau 1969

Answer 37

tabled what’s known as a white paper
> felt that protecting a native indigenous status, treaty rights, he wanted full assimilation of all the indigenous into Canada society
> pass system created incredible poverty in first nations
> Trudeau saw a way of eliminating this problem by eliminating the status, and transforming reserves into a municipality.
> concept of liberalism saw difference as a problem and equality could only be achieved if people eliminated the difference.

Question 38

Harold Cardinal

Answer 38

The white paper shocked first nations, who had not been consulted wile the white paper was being prepared.
Harold Cardinal, A cree scholar from Alberta wrote a response in a book titled the unjust society which would later be nicknamed the red paper
he claimed that being equal ignored history and denied the rights of aboriginal people
> birth of the modern day indigenous movements

Question 39

Solar salt

Answer 39

Spanish would get from the carribean and come up the Atlantic coast to fish and not have to get off their ships so they could salt the fish and preserve them for their journey back hence why Spanish never bothered trying to settle up north.

Question 40

Wendat and the fur trade

Answer 40

Served as middlemen
all the nations from around the great lakes and come to the Wendat to trade French made goods, exchange pots and pans for beaver belts
Also police the area
Wendat would take materials to Montreal to trade with French.
Advent of indigenous middle men
Indigenous people very quickly understood the value of trade goods and understood how to bargain
Wendat threatening to begin trading with the Dutch
Playing off one European nation off the other.
1649
> Beaver Wars
> the Iroquis with the Dutch in upper New York state heavily armed and attack the Wendat because they want to take over the fur trade.
> this changes everything for the French because they have lost their middle men, begin period of the fur traders leave montreal and travel to the upper country for the better beaver pelts
> locate lake superior as being the best area for trading beavers

Question 41

French Colonization

Answer 41

• Europeans issued charters to groups that would settle and form plantation
• want people to set up along the st.lawrence
  > to encourage French government gives permission to hold monopolies
  > but only settle the st.lawrence valley and set up a farm
• eventually lost charters and big companies would take over one after the other
• states don’t have east west corridor like Canada
• Canada has an east west water system that develops the boundaries of Canada
• French get rid of the middle man
  > expect indigenous people to come face to face no more middle man
• one of the most tenuous supply lines
• have freight and canoes ready to transfer the furs
  > voyagers had songs that they would sing, the caddance in the song reveals 60 strokes a minute one per second
• forts are being set up around them and strategically marrying into indigenous families
• French are travelling ancient indigenous trade routes
• truck houses

Question 42

Hudson’s Bay Company and the Cree

Answer 42

• Unlike the French, HBC goes back to the middle man system
• Swampy Cree lowlands of James Bay
  > Hudson bay begins opening up forts
  > has two cree people come to fort and on credit take on a huge amount of European trade goods
  > the Cree fanned out all over Ontario, prairies and Quebec
  > all the groups of the western nations came into contact with European trade goods from the Cree. They would encourage those groups to more intensely harvest beaver so that they could exchange more.
  > Cree would receive these pops and kettles for a certain price
  > Cree would mark things up
  > Cree became most prosperous people because of this
  > began move westerly and southerly into the prairies
  > Cree expansion due the fur trade
  > Agency evidence
  Ruperts land have a right to trade with the indigenous there 1770
  > 100 years it is operated and run by the Cree
  > in order for trade to work properly would have to show immense respect to the Cree
  > change into best clothes, as fashionalble as possible, prepare the fort for them. Fire three shots with muscot fort would answer shot from canons, as a salute to one another.
  > first 24 hours the chief trader could not say a word about trading, would sit down with their families to discuss theirs families and whats new
  > present the cree leaders with gifts
  > military style of clothing to heightened their importance.
• diplomatic

Question 43

Constitution of Canada

Answer 43

12 years after the white paper
35 (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.
Definition of aboringinal peoples of Canada

(2) In this act aboriginal peoples of Canada includes the Indian (status) Inuit and Metis (undefined/ not mixed blood/ term refers to people of Lous Woreal/ went through an ethno genesis, own history, genesis of whole culture) peoples of Canada.
Constitution Act 1982

35 1. The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.

2. In this act, “aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes the Indian, Inuit and Metis peoples of Canada.
   - section two discusses the definition of the people discussed in section 1
   Donald Marshall Junior used this when he was catching eels and got charged

Question 44

John Marshall Junior

Answer 44

> arrested and charged 11 years after this was written for fishing eels to selling them
first line of defense is section 35 (1)
hierarchy of laws, courts make common law, by laws, federal laws
rights to not be discriminated with is common law
constitution is set in stone
set from parialement supremacy, to a constituitional supremacy
parliament can no longer pass a law that’s unconstituitional
parialament can no longer make laws to limit the rights of those living in Canada or anything considered unconstituitional
status Indian making him an aboriginal person
aboriginal rights – treaty rights
pursued a treaty right
the activity has to be integral to your culture, while fishing for eels definitely mart of your culture it would be hard for Historians to find documents that they sell eel and that it was a known traditional act of those people.

Question 45

Pontiac Wars

Answer 45

Upset about two things land being bought by settlers under false pretenses, and they are moving into apilation mountains and now moving into Ohio and taking the land. Indigenous are refusing to sell the land but they are taking it anyway.
Pontiac wars demonstrate to the British that there is parody in power between the nations, and they work together, and equal British military. British want to put Indigenous minds at ease and insure them no more expansion. During this battle Pontiac was able to capture all forts except one in Niagara.
> Capture them because British would cut all the trees down for as far as their canon and musket could fire so they could see anyone approaching the fort.
> Lacrosse game capturing the fort

Question 46

1840 Mining dispute

Answer 46

1840’s Cnada government starts to issue mining leases top lake superior, but there has been no treaty, robinson treaties yet to happen, the mining companys had a technique for finding rich soils, they burn the forest and hope that it exposes veins on the surface of the rocks, Ojib and Ishin complained bitterly, Ishin caribou very import, live in old forest, eat the liken that’s on the branches of the old tress, have to move north because of all these forest fires, they travel along lake superior all the way to montreal and they hold a media scrum with the illustrated news and other news papers, these mining activities and their infernos are highly destructed a total threat to their existence, they produce copies of the royal proclamation and say you are breaking the law no business till there has been a treaty. Government does nothing, Shingwaukonse and Metis they form a party that canoe to the Mica Bay mine and at gun point have miners leave the buildings and stand to one side and they burn everything and destroy mining operation, news papers line up, Indian outrage, Indians at war, sends the military to apprehend them and haul them to the Don jail in Toronto. In court lawyers make arguments that they do haves rights based of the royal proclamation, living breathing document sets out a process of requiring it, this leads to a royal comminsion videl and Anderson tour area to investigate, and they conclude that Ishin is right, and that there must be. 1850 Ben Robinson meets with them to make a treaty with them, but finds that they are far to prepared they want more than what the Canadian government is willing to provide by the treaty. He meets with other people gets them, divide and conquer got them to sign treaty.

Question 47

John A Mac Donald

Answer 47

John A Macdonald helped pass legislation and act for the gradual civilization of Indians. Very first Indian act
Assimilation to the customs traditions norms of Europeans, Indian act
Sets up something called enfranchisement
1879 John A MacDonald the Indian problem
> they have failed to adjust to the industrial revolution of the economy.
> and in agriculture
> historians show this very untrue.
> necessary to eradicate the Indian

Question 48

franchisment

Answer 48

Franchise right to vote, great inequality amongst people only certain people are British subjects, franchisement is basically citizenship, all Indigenous people across Canada all of them desperately want citizenship, want to be equal to Canadians, if you can go through school we will consider you a full British subject with the rights of an English men, another way of achieving frnachise is if a indigenous women marries a white man however she must forsake her Indigenous status, she is framed as she is gaining something huge, she is gaining the franchise, after confederation original consitituition SECTION 91 domains of responsibility militaries criminal eg … Section 92 Provincial
In order to fight in the military you have to Franchise yourself
Woman would lose their indigenous status, but men who fought in wars also lost their status because tied to the concept of franchise. Blood is now kicked off reserve because kicked off their reserve.

Status was designed to connect people to their treaty rights, whatever your ancestors preserved

Question 49

Federal vs Provincial

Answer 49

Provinces refuse to deal with Indigenous because technically it’s a federal “problem”

Question 50

Residential Schools

Answer 50

Egerton Ryersons 1847 goes to states to view their boarding school comes back to Canada and sets up residential school.
1904 1909 it is known that these things are happening
Publishes a thing about how bad residential schools are
the mortality rate was 30-60% would die
Be avoided if sick children were kept in the general public.
No access to healthcare
Children showing up with tuberculosis
Did not bother keeping them separated
Superintendent Duncan Campbell made it mandatory for kids to go to residential school
tried to hire lawyers to fight this
Illegal for indigenous to get legal council from 1927 to 1960’s
Phil Fontaine
> ramping up politics
> came on national television said I was raped every single day by priest when I was in residential schools
Mush Hole
- called this because they were forced to eat mush 3 times a day, had a lot farm animals and food but they were not allowed to eat.
- burned down twice by students
- finally closed its doors in 1970
Schools are provincial and don’t deal with Indians
Feds wanted to assimilate them into mainstream
Boarding or industrial schools
>to run a boarding school:
did not have money because it was thought not to be a priorority
> not a lot of funding, poorly funded ministry
> it simply can’t afford to build all these schools.
> determined to civilize Indigenous people
> so they out sourced to religious organizations
> partnered with all the churches of Canada
> churches ran the school on a daily basis
> Churches given a set of funds on a per student basis
>lodging food and clothing was never enough for funds

Question 51

1925

Answer 51

Federal government outlaws indigenous music and dancing

Question 52

Phil Fontaine

Answer 52

> ramping up politics

> came on national television said I was raped every single day by priest when I was in residential schools

Question 53

Duncan Campbell

Answer 53

Superintendent Duncan Campbell made it mandatory for kids to go to residential school

Question 54

Treaty 13

Answer 54

from 1787 sir William johnson
> set terms for treaty making
> son covers treaties that cover Toronto
Document is all blank giving boundaries
Treaty was made out ahead of time with all the standard protocol, someone wrote this up for Johnson to fill in the blanks, leaves it out for some reason

Question 55

michilimackinac

Answer 55

> means big rock
girbraltor of the fur trade
cosmopolitian spots in the fur trade
multi-cultural place
super water hole, a place you could trade, pots and blankets, require booze dancing, singing
All this under the royal proclamation gives title to Indigenous people of this land
All these all the way to pacific have Indian title

Question 56

Treaty 1

Answer 56

Michmakalnek

Two copies of the treaty were made on to kept at fort and another in Quebec city

Question 57

Treaty 2

Answer 57

Second treaty is swamp land, near midland north of berry, an immense area of swamp
Fort of Saint Jospehs, protect entrance lake superior
America side Niagara can blow British ships out of water, they are looking for alternative way to get to Montreal hence while they purchased the swamp lands, but want to do it with big ships not canoes so they start surveying Toronto

Question 58

Why was Toronto so important?

Answer 58

Toronto not on the most important route
Toronto on a route but a protégé or transfer route
Not until the mississuagas start to protest stopping survey parties, Brits say whats their problem
Send coronel McKey to check the records in Quebec city, searches through the documents
travels all the way back shows it to the governor
takes it back to Toronto its blank its invalid
Now the British have started to build Toronto and have already started developing
> just realized treaty is not valid
> terrified to tell the Mississuagas
> don’t want them to know they are incompetent
> Mississuagas are well aware of the price of their lands
> British start coming up with schemes
> buy the lands by Oakville and slide a treaty for Toronto in the back of it, thought about it but did not do it because its unlawful
> waited till 1805
> no minutes of the proceedings
> minutes outlined who is there
> Brits asked if they could refresh them on the territory, tell us your version, because they actually don’t know what happened, Indigenous say we surrendered some areas but not Yonge street north of Toronto not in Toronto
> we reserve all the fish in the Etiboke river salmon
> reserved the right for fishing to themselves
> reserve the fish in the river

Question 59

Legal definition of Metis

Answer 59

• has an ancestoral connection to an identifiable historic metis community
• is accepted by the modern community that has community from the identifiable historic Metis community.

Question 60

metis

Answer 60

Metis is reached a moment in time through marriage, always arranged marriage, one metis family to another, when they started to live apart from other societies, developed their own music dance laws and language, they became a distinct culture, what is what historians look for, communities that were not seen as white people as not being Indian but as a half breed, the first nations community Annishinaabe or Cree saw them as different as well. Louis Reille we are a new people

First stages of being metis or proto- metis
Finding work in the fur trading forts, they are being sought out by HBC and French as laborers, demonstrate that their entrepreneur, starting to look for opportunities, inherited from the father side business ethic, metis become famous in buffalo hunting, metis law around buffalo hunt lawful penalties of unlawful behavior during the hunt, only one crack at getting animals a year so had strict law, with surplus buffalo they would make into beef jerky or pemmican, dry buffalo meet through these methods by dyhradrating it, and then letting people rehydrate later, because a major supply for food source, important for those that are canoeing back to montreal.

Question 61

Article 3 of the UN declaration

Answer 61

digenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue
of that right they freely determine their political status and freely
pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

Question 62

UN Article 9

Answer 62

igenous peoples and individuals have the right to belong to an
indigenous community or nation, in accordance with the traditions
and customs of the community or nation concerned. No discrimina-
tion of any kind may arise from the exercise of such a right.

Question 63

UN declaration Article 10

Answer 63

digenous peoples shall not be forcibly removed from their lands or
territories. No relocation shall take place without the free, prior and
informed consent of the indigenous peoples concerned and after
agreement on just and fair compensation and, where possible, with
the option of return.

Question 64

Section 48 Indian

Answer 64

No reserve should be taken for the purpose railway public work, or any public utility

Question 65

Section 51 Indian

Answer 65

not allowed to vote