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Immunohematology 480 > ABO/Rh/Genetics > Flashcards

ABO/Rh/Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What naturally occurring antibody always appears in the serum of an Rh positive individual?

A

None

very rarely anti-E or anti-Cw

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2
Q

Purpose of washing red blood cells

A

Eliminates serum proteins

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3
Q

What happens when a patient receives multiple units of compatible blood type different from their own?

A

Patient may show mixed cell populations

May temporarily type as Rh negative

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4
Q

What other reaction is interpreted as a positive reaction if using serum (not plasma)?

A

Hemolysis

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5
Q

Where are the red cell antigens found?

A

Surface of the red cell

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

Identical alleles are inherited at a given locus

Ex. cc

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The actual genes on the chromosome

Ex. AO

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

The expression of the genotype

Ex. A

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9
Q

Prozone

A

Excess antibody which discourages or stops the bridging between antibody-antigen complex to form agglutination

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10
Q

Dominant

A

A trait or characteristic that will be expressed even though it is on only one of a chromosome pair
Ex. A

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11
Q

Recessive

A

A gene that will not be expressed if its dominant allele is present, it will be expressed in homozygous state only
Ex. O

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12
Q

Cis

A

Alleles on the same chromosome

Ex. DCe/dce

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13
Q

Trans

A

Alleles on different chromosomes

Dce/DCe

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two different alleles - one on each individual chromosomes

Ex. Fya and Fyb

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15
Q

Paragloboside

A

Precursor for H antigen

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16
Q

Paragloboside + fucose

A

H antigen (precursor for A and B)

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17
Q

4+ agglutination reaction

A

One large agglutinant

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18
Q

3+ agglutination reaction

A

Several large agglutinants

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19
Q

2+ agglutination reaction

A

small agglutination with clear backround

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20
Q

1+ agglutination reaction

A

fine agglutination with red background

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21
Q

Causative agent of intravascular transfusion reaction

A

IgM antibody that has a broad thermal range of activity

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22
Q

Consequence of intravascular transfusion reaction

A

Complement proceeding to lysis of donor RBCs (intravascular hemolysis)

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23
Q

Causative agent of extravascular transfusion reaction

A

IgG antibody

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24
Q

Consequence of extravascular transfusion reaction

A

Antigen (RBC) and antibody complex removed slowly in spleen

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25
Q

What is the first thing you do if you find an ABO/Rh typing discrepancy?

A

Repeat testing

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26
Q

Order of decreased in H substances

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 >A1B > >Oh

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27
Q

Which blood type would be most likely to make anti-H?

A

A1B because it has the least H on surface. Seen as foreign

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28
Q

Antigen: patient RBCs
Antibody: purchased reagent

A

Front testing

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29
Q

Antigen: purchased RBCs
Antibody: patient serum

A

Reverse testing

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30
Q

Antigen: patient RBCs
Antibody: purchased reagent + potentiator

A

D tube testing

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31
Q

Antigen: patient RBCs
Antibody: none + same potentiator as D tube

A

Rh control tube

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32
Q

What antibody class is naturally occuring ABO antibodies?

A

IgM

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33
Q

What temp does IgM antibodies react at?

A

Broad thermal range. Reacts at 4 degrees, room temp (24 degrees), and body temp (37 degrees)

34
Q

What blood group has H antigen missing?

35
Q

H specificity sugar

36
Q

A specificity sugar

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

37
Q

B specificity sugar

A

D-galactose

38
Q

When can ABO antibodies first be detected?

A

3-6 months

39
Q

Lectins

A

Plant proteins that act like particular antibodies

40
Q

Lectin for anti-A1

A

Dolichos biflorus

41
Q

Lectin for anti-H

A

Ulex europaeus

42
Q

What determines the specificity of A and B antigens?

A

Terminal sugars attached by the inheritance of transferases

43
Q

What genes are involved to determine if a person has H antigen?

44
Q

What genes are involved to determine if a person is a secretor or not?

A

Sese and Hh

45
Q

What is the difference in the precursor molecule between an A, B, H, antigen and A, B, H substance?

A

Substances are glycoprotein

Antigens are glycolipids

46
Q

Purpose of using lectin for anti-A1 and anti-H

A

Typing A1 and A2 individual donors

47
Q

How to determine if a patient is A1 or A2

A

Use anti-A1 lectin (Dolichos biflorus)

48
Q

Substances found in saliva of type A secretors

49
Q

Substances found in saliva of type B secretors

50
Q

Substances found in saliva of type AB secretors

51
Q

Substances found in saliva of type O secretors

52
Q

What ABH substances would be found in the saliva of nonsecretors?

53
Q

Why isn’t the crossmatch tube showing agglutination if an Rh pos donor is crossmatched with an Rh neg recipient?

A

No antibody (anti-d) in recipient’s blood to react with donor D antigen.

54
Q

Rh antigen that is always significant for transfusion purposes

55
Q

3 reasons for Rh typing to appear as weak D pos

A

Genetic
Trans
Mosaic

56
Q

Rh null

A

Patient does not have D, Cc, Ee antigens

57
Q

Rh deletion

A

Patient is missing Cc or Ee

58
Q

Rh mosaic

A

One or more the antigenic determines of the D antigen are missing.

59
Q

LW antigens

A

LWa, LWb, LW (silent)

60
Q

LW antibodies

A

Anti-LW may react with D pos cells & very weakly with d neg cells.
Anti-LW reacts with cord cells whether the baby was Rh pos or neg

61
Q

Cw

A

Antigen present in 2% whites

Anti-Cw may be NRBC stimulated

62
Q

G

A

Antigen is an epitope present on most C & D pos RBCs.

Anti-G reacts like anti-C plus anti-D, truly only an antibody to a specific epitope that is present on both AGs.

63
Q

f

A

Antigen is on RBC surface if c, e is in the cis position on the chromosome

64
Q

rhi

A

Ce are in the cis position on the RBC.

65
Q

V

A

ce.

Found in 30% of African Americans

66
Q

VS

A

e

Another compound antigen seen in African Americans

67
Q

Rh control reagent

A

Suspension or potentiator used in anti-D reagent. Used to confirm that the agglutination with anti-D was because of an antigen-antibody combination

68
Q

How many antigens are in the Rh system?

69
Q

Which Rh antigens are the most likely to make non-red blood cell stimulated antibodies?

70
Q

Control for weak D testing

A

Indirect AHG

71
Q

When is it essential to do weak D testing?

A

For donors who initially typed as Rh negative

72
Q

Purpose of albumin

A

Enhances Rh reactions

73
Q

Purpose of LISS

A

Not as strong as albumin, but stays less sticky

74
Q

Two reasons why a patient may type as Rh positive and also have anti-D

A

Anti-LW

D mosaic

75
Q

Rh gene combinations in Native Americans

76
Q

Rh gene combinations in black populations

77
Q

Rh gene combinations in Caucasian populations

78
Q

Order of immunogenic strength of Rh antigens

A

D > c > E > C > e

79
Q

Which Rh antigens show dosage?

80
Q

how do the Rh antigens (DCcEe) react with enzymes?

A

All enhanced

81
Q

If a donor was DCe/dce and the recipient was dce/Dce, what are the possible antibodies that may be produced?

82
Q

If a patient has both anti-D and anti-C, what antibody combination is this called?

Immunohematology 480 (8 decks)

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