ABO Flashcards
Reacts with anti-A1, anti- A
A1 subgroup
Anti-A only
A2 subgroup
Mixed field reaction with anti - A and anti- AB
A3 subgroup
Reacts with anti- AB and No reaction with anti- A
Ax subgroup
Mixed field agglutination with anti A and anti AB with only few (<10% of cells )
A end subgroup
Weak or No reaction with anti-A and anti-AB
Am subgroup
No reaction with anti-A and anti-AB, germline mutation of an A gene
Ay subgroup
No reaction with anti-A and anti-AB
Ael subgroup
Method used to confirm Am, Ay, and Ael
Adsorption and Elution
- An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Patient Cells With
Anti-A (4+)
Anti-B (4+)
Patient Serum With
A1 cells (neg)
B cells (neg)
What is the patient’s blood type?
a. O
b. A
c. B
d. AB
D
The major immunoglobulin class(es) of anti-B in a group
A individual is (are):
a. IgM.
b. IgG.
c. IgM and IgG.
d. IgM and IgA.
A
What are the possible ABO phenotypes of the offspring
from the mating of a group A to a group B individual?
a. O, A, B
b. A, B
c. A, B, AB
d. O, A, B, AB
D
The immunodominant sugar responsible for blood group
A specificity is:
a. L-fucose.
b. N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
c. D-galactose.
d. Uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-D-galactose.
B
What ABH substance(s) would be found in the saliva of
a group B secretor?
a. H
b. H and A
c. H and B
d. H, A, and B
C
An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Patient cells with:
Anti-A: 4+
Anti-B: 4+
Patient serum with
Anti-A1: neg
A1 cells: 4+
Anti-B: neg
The reactions above may be seen in a patient who is:
a. A1 with acquired B.
b. A2B with anti-A1.
c. AB with increased concentrations of protein in the
serum.
d. AB with an autoantibody.
B
Which of the following ABO blood groups contains the
least amount of H substance?
a. A1B
b. A2
c. B
d. O
A
You are working on a specimen in the laboratory that
you believe to be a Bombay phenotype. Which of the fol-
lowing reactions would you expect to see?
a. Patient’s cells + Ulex europaeus = no agglutination
b. Patient’s cells + Ulex europaeus = agglutination
c. Patient’s serum + group O donor RBCs = no
agglutination
d. Patient’s serum + A1 and B cells = no agglutination
A
An example of a technical error that can result in an
ABO discrepancy is:
a. Acquired B phenomenon.
b. Missing isoagglutinins.
c. Cell suspension that is too heavy.
d. Acriflavine antibodies.
C
An ABO type on a patient gives the following reactions:
Patient cells with:
Anti-A: 4+
Anti-B: neg
Patient serum with
A1 cells: 2+
B cells: 4+
O cells: 2+
Autocontrol: Neg
These results are most likely due to:
a. ABO alloantibody.
b. Non-ABO alloantibody.
c. Rouleaux.
d. Cold autoantibody.
B
Reacts with anti-B and anti-AB
B subgroup
MF reaction with anti-B and anti-AB
B3 subgroup
Weak reaction with anti-B and anti-AB
Bx subgroup
No or weak reaction with anti-B and anti-AB, converted to B if incubated with URACIL DIPHOSPHATE
Bel subgroup
Bombay phenotype was first reported by __________ in 1952 in ___________
Dr. Y.M. Bhende; Mumbai, India
Mutation of H gene happens in Fut2 and Se gene happens in Fut1. hh genotype and O phenotype.
a. Statement 1 is true, 2 is false.
b. Statement 1 is false, 2 is true.
c. both statements are true.
d, both statements are false.
B
naturally occurring antibodies
ABO antibodies
these are plant or seed extracts that agglutinate human cells with some degree of specificity.
Lectins
Lectin used in Anti-A1
Dolichos biflorus
Lectin used in Anti-B
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
Lectin used in Anti-H
Ulex europaeus
Lectin used in Anti-N
Vicea graminea
Lectin used in Anti-M
Iberis amara
Lectin used in Anti-T,Th
Arachis hypogaea
Lectin used in Anti-Tn
Salvia sclarea
Reagent used in Forward typing
Anti-A (trypan blue), Anti-B (acriflavin yellow)
Positive control ensures the ______________ of the antisera; Negative control ensures the _____________ of the antisera.
a. Specificity, Reactivity
b. Reactivity, Specificity
c. Specificity, Sensitivity
d. Sensitivity, Specificity
B
Forward grouping detects antigens on patient’s serum using Antisera (anti-A and B). Reverse grouping detects ABO antibodies in the patient’s RBCs.
a. Statement 1 is true.
b. S2 is true.
c. Both are true.
d. Both are false.
D
Universal RBC donor
type O
Universal Plasma Donor
type AB
Universal RBC recipient
type AB
Most dangerous transfusion
TYPE A TO TYPE O
universal PLASMA Recipient
type O
According to Harmening, One solid agglutinate is graded as:
4+
According to Harmening, several large agglutinates with clear background is graded as:
3+
According to Harmening, medium sized agglutinates with clear background is graded as:
2+
According to Harmening, small agglutinates with turbid background is graded as:
1+
According to Harmening, tiny agglutinates with turbid background is graded as:
W+
According to Harmening, no agglutination is graded as:
0
conditions that cause weaker reactions:
Leukemia
Chromosome translocations
Hemolytic diseases
Hodgkin’s diseases
Hypogammaglobinemia
Conditions that cause pseudoantigens, Acquired A phenomenon:
Proteus mirabilis
T-cell inactivation
Conditions that cause pseudoantigens, Acquired B phenomenon:
E. coli O86
Proteus vulgaris
Intestinal obstruction
Carcinoma of the rectum and colon
Clostridium tetanii
How to differentitiate acquired B from B?
acquired B cells will not react with pH <6 or >8.5
Most common source of ABO discrepancies
Incorrect labelling/ specimen/ recording of results
Group I discrepancies (NEHAPA) Resolution
patient’s serum; Room temp for 15-30 mins, if neg refrigerator temp for 15 mins. Include O cell control or autocontrol.
Group 2 problem
FORWARD typing, weakly reacting or missing antigen
Group 3 problem
Forward and Reverse, Protein or Plasma Abnormalities
All can cause Group 3 discrepancies except:
I. Wharton’s jelly in cord blood samples
II. Elevated fibrinogen levels
III. Plasma cell dyscrasia
IV. Plasma expanders
V. Newborns & Elderly patients
VI. ABO subgroups
VII. Multiple Myeloma
a. I,II, III, IV, VII
b. IV only
c. I, V, VI
d. V and VI
D
Group IV discrepancies are caused by __________
miscellaneous problems
Used in treating RBCs after incubating in Body Temperature and washing with saline (Body Temp)
DITHIOTHREITOL
ISBT # of ABO blood group system
001
ABO is discovered by
Karl Landsteiner
discovered the theory of inheritance of ABO group
Bernstein
group O phenotype is an _______________________ trait with the inheritance of 2 genes that are non-functional
Autosomal Recessive
sequence of DNA that is inherited
Genotype
anything that is produced by Genotype
Phenotype
discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance
Gregor Mendel
ABO gene chromosome
9q’34.2
H and Se gene chromosome
19
immunodominant sugar of the ff:
H gene, A gene, B gene
L-fucose; N-acetylgalactosamine, D-galactose
